Self And The Phenomenon Of Life: A Biologist Examines Life From Molecules To Humanity

The Expanded Self: Society as Self 285

“9x6” b2726 Self and the Phenomenon of Life: A Biologist Examines Life from Molecules to Humanity

From archeological evidence to recorded history, almost all
human societies have fought one another intensively and constantly,
regionally and nationally. Starting from the hunter-gatherers, over
90% of human groups engaged in battle in one form or another.^45
Most human wars can be traced, directly or indirectly, to dispute over

Fig. 12.2. Conflict within the same species in ants. Two groups of ants are entangled
in a ferocious battle. [Courtesy Catherine Chalmers.]

Fig. 12.3. Ancient human warfare (Assyrian battle scene, 728 B.C.E.) [Permission
British Museum.]