Interactions
Integumentary System
- The skin synthesizes vitamin D from
a derivative of cholesterol (p. 693) - The metabolic rate of the skin
varies greatly, depending upon
ambient temperature (p. 474)
Nervous System
- The aerobic respiration of glucose
serves most of the energy needs of
the brain (p. 123) - Regions of the brain with a faster
metabolic rate, resulting from
increased brain activity, receive a
more abundant blood supply than
regions with a slower metabolic
rate (p. 474)
Endocrine System
- Hormones that bind to receptors
in the plasma membrane of their
target cells activate enzymes in the
target cell cytoplasm (p. 326) - Hormones that bind to nuclear
receptors in their target cells alter
the target cell metabolism by
regulating gene expression (p. 323) - Hormonal secretions from
adipose cells regulate hunger and
metabolism (p. 670) - Anabolism and catabolism are
regulated by a number of hormones
(p. 675) - Insulin stimulates the synthesis of
glycogen and fat (p. 345) - The adrenal hormones stimulate
the breakdown of glycogen, fat,
and protein (p. 686) - Thyroxine stimulates the production
of a protein that uncouples
oxidative phosphorylation. This
helps to increase the body’s
metabolic rate (p. 686) - Growth hormone stimulates protein
synthesis (p. 687)
Muscular System
- The intensity of exercise that can
be performed aerobically depends
on a person’s maximal oxygen
uptake and lactate threshold
(p. 378)- The body consumes extra oxygen
for a period of time after exercise
has ceased. This extra oxygen is
used to repay the oxygen debt
incurred during exercise (p. 379) - Glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis by the liver help
to supply glucose for exercising
muscles (p. 378) - Trained athletes obtain a higher
proportion of skeletal muscle
energy from the aerobic respiration
of fatty acids than do nonathletes
(p. 383) - Muscle fatigue is associated with
anaerobic metabolism and the
production of lactic acid (p. 381) - The proportion of energy derived
from carbohydrates or lipids
by exercising skeletal muscles
depends on the intensity of the
exercise (p. 379)
Circulatory System
- Metabolic acidosis may result from
excessive production of either
ketone bodies or lactic acid (p. 568) - The metabolic rate of skeletal
muscles determines the degree of
blood vessel dilation, and thus
the rate of blood flow to the organ
(p. 470) - Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
can force a region of the heart to
metabolize anaerobically and produce
lactic acid. This is associated with
angina pectoris (p. 439)
Respiratory System
- Ventilation oxygenates the blood
going to the cells for aerobic cell
respiration and removes the carbon
dioxide produced by the cells
(p. 533) - Breathing is regulated primarily
by the effects of carbon dioxide
produced by aerobic cell respiration
(p. 555)
Urinary System
- The kidneys eliminate urea
and other waste products of
metabolism from the blood plasma
(p. 598)
Digestive System
- The liver contains enzymes needed
for many metabolic reactions
involved in regulating the blood
glucose and lipid concentrations
(p. 641) - The pancreas produces many
enzymes needed for the digestion
of food in the small intestine
(p. 643) - The digestion and absorption of
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
provides the body with the substrates
used in cell metabolism (p. 650) - Vitamins A and D help to regulate
metabolism through the activation
of nuclear receptors, which bind to
regions of DNA (p. 325)
Reproductive System
- The sperm do not contribute
mitochondria to the fertilized
oocyte (p. 736) - The endometrium contains
glycogen that nourishes the
developing embryo (p. 738)
HPer Links of Metabolism Concepts to the Body Systems
126