130
Refresh Your Memory
Before you begin this chapter, you may want to review
these concepts from previous chapters:
■ Carbohydrates and Lipids 33
■ Proteins 41
■ Plasma Membrane and Associated Structures 51CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1 Extracellular Environment 131
Body Fluids 131
Extracellular Matrix 132
Categories of Transport Across the Plasma
Membrane 132
6.2 Diffusion and Osmosis 133
Diffusion Through the Plasma Membrane 135
Rate of Diffusion 136
Osmosis 136
Regulation of Blood Osmolality 141
6.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport 142
Facilitated Diffusion 143
Active Transport 144
Bulk Transport 148
6.4 The Membrane Potential 149
Equilibrium Potentials 150
Resting Membrane Potential 152
6.5 Cell Signaling 153
Second Messengers 155
G-Proteins 155
Interactions 157Summary 158
Review Activities 159Interactions
Between Cells and
the Extracellular
Environment
6
CHAPTER