Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

157

Interactions

Skeletal System

• Osteoblasts secrete Ca^2 1 and
  PO 4 3 2 into the extracellular matrix,
  forming calcium phosphate crystals
  that account for the hardness of
  bone (p. 690)

Nervous System

• Glucose enters neurons by
  facilitated diffusion (p. 143)


• Voltage-gated ion channels
  produce action potentials, or nerve
  impulses (p. 174)


• Ion channels in particular regions
  of a neuron open in response to
  binding to a chemical ligand known
  as a neurotransmitter (p. 183)


• Neurotransmitters are released
  by axons through the process of
  exocytosis (p. 182)


• Sensory stimuli generally cause
  the opening of ion channels and
  depolarization of receptor cells
  (p. 269)

Endocrine System

• Lipophilic hormones pass through
  the cell membrane of their target
  cells, where they then bind to
  receptors in the cytoplasm or
  nucleus (p. 323)


• Active transport Ca^1 pumps and
  the passive diffusion of Ca^1 are
  important in mediating the actions
  of some hormones (p. 328)


• Insulin stimulates the facilitative
  diffusion of glucose into skeletal
  muscle cells (p. 345)

Muscular System

• Exercise increases the number of
  carriers for the facilitative diffusion
  of glucose in the muscle cell
  membrane (p. 378)
  
  
  • Ca^2 1 transport processes in the
    endoplasmic reticulum of skeletal
    muscle fibers are important in the
    regulation of muscle contraction
    (p. 373)
  
  
  
  


• Voltage-gated Ca^2 1 channels in the
  cell membrane of smooth muscle
  open in response to depolarization,
  producing contraction of the
  muscle (p. 395)

Circulatory System

• Transport processes through
  the capillary endothelial cells of
  the brain are needed in order for
  molecules to cross the blood-brain
  barrier and enter the brain (p. 171)


• Ion diffusion across the plasma
  membrane of myocardial cells is
  responsible for the electrical activity
  of the heart (p. 425)


• The LDL carriers for blood
  cholesterol are taken into arterial
  smooth muscle cells by receptor-
  mediated endocytosis (p. 438)

Immune System

• B lymphocytes secrete antibody
  proteins that function in humoral
  (antibody mediated) immunity
  (p. 503)


• T lymphocytes secrete
  polypeptides called cytokines that
  promote the cell mediated immune
  response (p. 508)


• Antigen-presenting cells engulf
  foreign proteins by pinocytosis,
  modify these proteins, and present
  them to T lymphocytes (p. 510)

Respiratory System

• Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass
  through the cells of the pulmonary
  alveoli (airsacs) by simple diffusion
  (p. 533)
  
  
  • Surfactant is secreted into
    pulmonary alveoli by exocytosis
    (p. 540)
  
  
  
  

Urinary System

• Urine is produced as a filtrate of
  blood plasma, but most of the
  filtered water is reabsorbed back
  into the blood by osmosis (p. 590)


• Osmosis across the wall of the
  renal tubules is promoted by
  membrane pores known as
  aquaporins (p. 596)


• Transport of urea occurs passively
  across particular regions of the
  renal tubules (p. 595)


• Antidiuretic hormone stimulates the
  permeability of the renal tubule to
  water (p. 596)


• Aldosterone stimulates Na^1
  transport in a region of the renal
  tubule (p. 605)


• Glucose and amino acids are
  reabsorbed by secondary active
  transport (p. 603)

Digestive System

• Cells in the stomach have a
  membrane H^1 /K^1 ATPase active
  transport pump that creates an
  extremely acidic gastric juice
  (p. 626)


• Water is absorbed in the intestine
  by osmosis following the
  absorption of sodium chloride
  (p. 634)


• An intestinal membrane carrier
  protein transports dipeptides and
  tripeptides from the intestinal lumen
  into the epithelial cells (p. 652)

HPer Links of Membrane Transport Concepts to the Body Systems