Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

262

Interactions

Integumentary System

• The skin houses receptors for heat,
  cold, pain, pressure, and vibration
  (p. 270)


• Afferent neurons conduct impulses
  from cutaneous receptors (p. 271)


• Sympathetic neurons to the skin
  help to regulate cutaneous blood
  flow (p. 474)

Skeletal System

• The skeleton supports and protects
  the brain and spinal cord (p. 207)


• Bones store calcium needed for
  neural function (p. 690)


• Afferent neurons from sensory
  receptors monitor movements of
  joints (p. 474)

Muscular System

• Muscle contractions generate
  body heat to maintain constant
  temperature for neural function
  (p. 675)


• Afferent neurons from muscle
  spindles transmit impulses to the
  CNS (p. 386)


• Somatic motor neurons innervate
  skeletal muscles (p. 361)


• Autonomic motor neurons innervate
  cardiac and smooth muscles (p. 244)

Endocrine System

• Many hormones, including sex
  steroids, act on the brain (p. 714)


• Hormones and neurotransmitters,
  such as epinephrine and
  norepinephrine, can have synergistic
  actions on a target tissue (p. 321)


• Autonomic neurons innervate
  endocrine glands such as the
  pancreatic islets (p. 679)
  
  
  • The brain controls anterior pituitary
    function (p. 334)
  
  
  • The brain controls posterior
    pituitary function (p. 333)
  
  
  
  

Circulatory System

• The circulatory system transports
  O 2 and CO 2 , nutrients, and fluids to
  and from all organs, including the
  brain and spinal cord (p. 405)


• Autonomic nerves help to regulate
  cardiac output (p. 451)


• Autonomic nerves promote
  constriction and dilation of blood
  vessels, helping to regulate blood
  flow and blood pressure (p. 466)

Immune System

• Chemical factors called cytokines,
  released by cells of the immune
  system, act on the brain to promote
  a fever (p. 497)


• Cytokines from the immune
  system act on the brain to modify
  its regulation of pituitary gland
  secretion (p. 514)


• The nervous system plays a role
  in regulating the immune response
  (p. 514)

Respiratory System

• The lungs provide oxygen for all
  body systems and eliminate carbon
  dioxide (p. 533)


• Neural centers within the brain
  control breathing (p. 554)

Urinary System

• The kidneys eliminate metabolic
  wastes and help to maintain
  homeostasis of the blood plasma
  (p. 582)
  
  
  • The kidneys regulate plasma
    concentrations of Na^1 , K^1 ,
    and other ions needed for the
    functioning of neurons (p. 604)
  
  
  • The nervous system innervates
    organs of the urinary system to
    control urination (p. 584)
  
  
  • Autonomic nerves help to regulate
    renal blood flow (p. 589)
  
  
  
  

Digestive System

• The GI tract provides nutrients for
  all body organs, including those of
  the nervous system (p. 620)


• Autonomic nerves innervate
  digestive organs (p. 622)


• The GI tract contains a complex
  enteric nervous system that
  regulates its motility and secretions
  (p. 648)


• Secretions of gastric juice can be
  stimulated through activation of
  brain regions (p. 646)


• Hunger is controlled by centers
  in the hypothalamus of the brain
  (p. 672)

Reproductive System

• Gonads produce sex hormones
  that influence brain development
  (p. 714)


• The brain helps to regulate
  secretions of gonadotropic
  hormones from the anterior
  pituitary (p. 334)


• Autonomic nerves regulate blood
  flow into the external genitalia,
  contributing to the male and female
  sexual response (p. 712)


• The nervous and endocrine
  systems cooperate in the control of
  lactation (p. 746)

HPer Links of the Nervous System with Other Body Systems