530 Chapter 15
- Which of these statements about T lymphocytes is false?
a. Some T cells promote the activity of B cells.
b. Some T cells suppress the activity of B cells.
c. Some T cells secrete interferon.
d. Some T cells produce antibodies.- Delayed hypersensitivity is mediated by
a. T cells.
b. B cells.
c. plasma cells.
d. natural killer cells.- Active immunity may be produced by
a. contracting a disease.
b. receiving a vaccine.
c. receiving gamma globulin injections.
d. both a and b.
e. both b and c.- Which of these statements about class-2 MHC molecules is
false?
a. They are found on the surface of B lymphocytes.
b. They are found on the surface of macrophages.
c. They are required for B cell activation by a foreign
antigen.
d. They are needed for interaction of helper and killer T
cells.
e. They are presented together with foreign antigens by
macrophages.
Match the cytokine with its description.
- Interleukin-1
- Interleukin-2
- Interleukin-12
- Which of these statements about gamma interferon is
false?
a. It is a polypeptide autocrine regulator.
b. It can be produced in response to viral infections.
c. It stimulates the immune system to attack infected cells
and tumors.
d. It is produced by almost all cells in the body.
Test Your Understanding
- Explain how antibodies help to destroy invading bacterial
cells. - Identify the different types of interferons and describe their
origin and actions. - Distinguish between the class-1 and class-2 MHC molecules
in terms of their locations and functions.
22. Describe the role of macrophages in activating the specific
immune response to antigens.
23. Distinguish between the two subtypes of helper T
lymphocytes and explain how they may be produced.
24. Describe how plasma cells attack antigens and how they can
destroy an invading foreign cell. Compare this mechanism
with that by which killer T lymphocytes destroy a target cell.
25. Explain how tolerance to self-antigens may be produced.
Also, give two examples of autoimmune diseases and
explain their possible causes.
26. Use the clonal selection theory to explain how active
immunity is produced by vaccinations.
27. Describe the nature of passive immunity and explain how
antitoxins are produced and used.
28. Distinguish between immediate and delayed hypersensitivity.
What drugs are used to treat immediate hypersensitivity and
how do these drugs work? Why don’t these compounds work
in treating delayed hypersensitivity?
29. Describe regulatory T lymphocytes and their functions. What
types of diseases could result from a deficiency of regulatory
T lymphocytes? What type of diseases could result from
inappropriate activation of regulatory T lymphocytes?
Explain.
30. Explain how the innate (nonspecific) immune system is
able to recognize a wide variety of different pathogens and
respond to them.
Test Your Analytical Ability- The specific T lymphocyte immune response is
usually directed against proteins, whereas nonspecific
immune mechanisms are generally directed against
foreign carbohydrates in the form of glycoproteins and
lipopolysaccharides. How might these differences in target
molecules be explained? - Lizards are cold-blooded; their body temperature is
largely determined by the ambient temperature. Devise an
experiment using lizards to test whether an elevated body
temperature, as in a fever, can be beneficial to an organism
with an infection. - Why are antibodies composed of different chains, and why
are there several genes that encode the parts of a particular
antibody molecule? What would happen if each antibody
were coded for by only one gene? - As a scientist trying to cure allergy, you are elated to
discover a drug that destroys all mast cells. How might this
drug help to prevent allergy? What negative side effects
might this drug have? - The part of the placenta that invades the mother’s uterine
lining (the endometrium) has recently been found to produce
FAS ligand. What might this accomplish, and why might this
action be necessary? - Describe the antigen-dependent and antigen-independent
ways that the body generates a wide diversity of antibodies.
How does this relate to the development of autoimmune
a. Stimulates formation of T H 1
helper T lymphocytes
b. Stimulates ACTH secretion
c. Stimulates proliferation of
killer T lymphocytes
d. Stimulates proliferation of
B lymphocytes