Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

656

Interactions

Integumentary System

• The skin produces vitamin D, which
  indirectly helps to regulate the
  intestinal absorption of Ca^2 1
  (p. 693)


• Adipose tissue in the hypodermis of
  the skin stores triglycerides (p. 120)


• The digestive system provides
  nutrients for all systems, including
  the integumentary system (p. 620)

Skeletal System

• The extracellular matrix of bones
  stores calcium phosphate (p. 690)


• The small intestine absorbs Ca^2 1
  and PO 432 , which are needed for
  deposition of bone (p. 693)

Muscular System

• Muscle contractions are needed for
  chewing, swallowing, peristalsis,
  and segmentation (p. 620)


• Sphincter muscles help to regulate
  the passage of material along the
  GI tract (p. 624)


• The liver removes lactic acid
  produced by exercising skeletal
  muscles (p. 118)

Nervous System

• Autonomic nerves help regulate the
  digestive system (p. 622)


• The enteric nervous system
  functions like the CNS to regulate
  the intestine (p. 622)

Endocrine System

• Gastrin, produced by the stomach,
  helps regulate the secretion of
  gastric juice (p. 647)


• Several hormones secreted by the
  small intestine regulate different
  aspects of the digestive system
  (p. 645)
  
  
  • Hormones produced by the
    intestine stimulate the pancreatic
    islets to secrete insulin (p. 647)
  
  
  • Adipose tissue secretes leptin,
    which helps regulate hunger (p. 673)
  
  
  • The liver removes some hormones
    from the blood, changes them
    chemically, and excretes them in
    the bile (p. 640)
  
  
  
  

Immune System

• The immune system protects all
  organs against infections, including
  those of the digestive system (p. 494)


• Lymphatic vessels carry absorbed
  fat from the small intestine to the
  venous system (p. 653)


• The liver aids the immune system
  by metabolizing certain toxins and
  excreting them in the bile (p. 640)


• The mucosa of the GI tract contains
  lymph nodules that protect against
  disease (p. 634)


• Acids and enzymes secreted by
  the GI tract provide nonspecific
  defense against microbes (p. 494)

Circulatory System

• The blood transports absorbed
  amino acids, monosaccharides,
  and other molecules from the
  intestine to the liver, and then to
  other organs (p. 636)


• The hepatic portal vein allows
  some absorbed molecules to have
  an enterohepatic circulation (p. 638)


• The intestinal absorption of
  vitamin B 12 (needed for red blood cell
  production) requires intrinsic factor,
  secreted by the stomach (p. 625)


• Iron must be absorbed through the
  intestine to allow a normal rate of
  hemoglobin production (p. 412)


• The liver synthesizes clotting
  proteins, plasma albumin, and
  all other plasma proteins except
  antibodies (p. 641)

Respiratory System

• The lungs provide oxygen for the
  metabolism of all organs, including
  those of the digestive system (p. 533)


• The oxygen provided by the
  respiratory system is used to
  metabolize food molecules brought
  into the body by the digestive
  system (p. 111)

Urinary System

• The kidneys eliminate metabolic
  wastes from all organs, including
  those of the digestive system (p. 582)


• The kidneys help to convert
  vitamin D into the active form
  required for calcium absorption in
  the intestine (p. 693)

Reproductive System

• Sex steroids, particularly
  androgens, stimulate the rate of fuel
  consumption by the body (p. 711)


• During pregnancy, the GI tract of the
  mother helps to provide nutrients
  that pass through the placenta to the
  embryo and fetus (p. 743)

HPer Links of the Digestive System with Other Body Systems