Regulation of Metabolism 699- Ketoacidosis in untreated diabetes mellitus is due to
a. excessive fluid loss.
b. hypoventilation.
c. excessive eating and obesity.
d. excessive fat catabolism.- Which of these statements about leptin is false?
a. It is secreted by adipocytes.
b. It increases the energy expenditure of the body.
c. It stimulates the release of neuropeptide Y in the
hypothalamus.
d. It promotes feelings of satiety, decreasing food intake.- A person with insulin resistance has
a. decreased hepatic secretion of glucose and increased
skeletal muscle uptake of blood glucose.
b. decreased hepatic secretion of glucose and decreased
skeletal muscle uptake of blood glucose.
c. increased hepatic glucose secretion and increased skeletal
muscle uptake of blood glucose.
d. increased hepatic glucose secretion and decreased skeletal
muscle uptake of blood glucose.- Which of the following is not an adipokine?
a. leptin c. ghrelin
b. adiponectin d. tumor necrosis factor alphaTest Your Understanding
- Compare the metabolic effects of fasting to the state of
uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Explain the hormonal
similarities of these conditions. - Glucocorticoids stimulate the breakdown of protein in
muscles but promote the synthesis of protein in the liver.
Explain the significance of these different effects. - Describe how thyroxine affects cell respiration. Why does a
person who is hypothyroid have a tendency to gain weight
and less tolerance for cold? - Compare and contrast the metabolic effects of thyroxine and
growth hormone. - Why is vitamin D considered both a vitamin and a
prehormone? Explain why people with osteoporosis might
be helped by taking controlled amounts of vitamin D. - Define the term insulin resistance. Explain the relationships
between insulin resistance, obesity, exercise, and noninsulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus. - Describe the chemical nature and origin of the
somatomedins and explain the physiological significance of
these growth factors. - Explain how insulin secretion and glucagon secretion
are influenced by (a) fasting, (b) a meal that is high in
carbohydrate and low in protein, and (c) a meal that is high
in protein and high in carbohydrate. Also, explain how
the changes in insulin and glucagon secretion under these
conditions function to maintain homeostasis.
27. Using a cause-and-effect sequence, explain how an
inadequate intake of dietary calcium or vitamin D can
cause bone resorption. Also, describe the cause-and-effect
sequence whereby an adequate intake of calcium and
vitamin D may promote bone deposition.
28. Describe the conditions of gigantism, acromegaly, pituitary
dwarfism, Laron dwarfism, and kwashiorkor, and explain
how these conditions relate to blood levels of growth
hormone and IGF-1.
29. Describe how hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal tract
help to regulate hunger and satiety. Also, explain the role of
adipose tissue in regulating hunger and metabolism.
30. Explain how drugs that bind to PPAR g receptors are helpful
in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Test Your Analytical Ability- Your friend is trying to lose weight and at first is very
successful. After a time, however, she complains that it
seems to take more exercise and a far more stringent diet
to lose even one more pound. What might explain her
difficulties? - How can a high-fat diet in childhood lead to increased
numbers of adipocytes? Explain how this process may be
related to the ability of adipocytes to regulate the insulin
sensitivity of skeletal muscles in adults. - Discuss the role of GLUT4 in glucose metabolism and use
this concept to explain why exercise helps to control type 2
diabetes mellitus. - You are running in a 10-K race and, to keep your mind
occupied, you try to remember which physiological
processes regulate blood glucose levels during exercise. Step
by step, what are these processes? - Discuss the location and physiological significance of the
b 3 adrenergic receptors and explain how a hypothetical
b 3 adrenergic agonist drug might help in the treatment of
obesity. - A person with type 1 diabetes mellitus accidentally
overdoses on insulin. What symptoms might she experience,
and why? If she remains conscious, what treatment might be
offered to adjust her blood glucose level? - Suppose a person has a large portion of the stomach
surgically removed. How might this affect the person’s sense
of hunger and pattern of meals? Explain. - Someone who drinks alcoholic beverages too often is told
that her blood glucose levels are elevated. She responds,
“But I don’t drink anything sweet!” Explain how alcohol
itself can have this effect.
Test Your Quantitative Ability- Calculate the BMI of a woman who is 5 feet, 3 inches tall and
weighs 130 pounds, and of a man who is 5 feet, 10 inches tall
and weighs 215 pounds. State whether either of these people
could be classified as “overweight” or “obese.”