I-1A
A-alpha fibers, 271
A bands, 361, 364, 365, 367
Abdominal aorta, 582f
Abdominal aortic aneurysms, 432
Abdominal obliques, external and internal, 541f
Abdominal veins, 435–436, 455
Abdominopelvic cavity, 536
Abducens nerve, 230, 237t
Abductor muscles, 360t
A-beta fibers, 271
Ablation studies, 219
Abortion pill, 738
ABO system, 412, 413t
ABP (androgen-binding protein), 717
Absolute refractory periods, 177, 177f
Absorption
of carbohydrates, 650–651
explanation of, 147, 620
of food, 650–654, 651–654f, 651 t
in large intestine, 632, 634–635
of lipids, 652–654, 653f
of proteins, 651–652, 652f
in small intestine, 629, 635–636
in stomach, 628
Absorption maximum, 299, 303
Absorption spectrum, of hemoglobin, 560
Absorptive state, 675
Abused drugs, 229
Acceleration, 279
Accessory digestive organs, 621
Accessory nerve, 237t
Accessory sex organs, 705–706, 706–707f, 718–719
Accommodation, by eyes, 295–296, 295–296f
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme), 461, 606
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors,
462, 484
Acetaminophen, 352
Acetazolamide, 610, 612
Acetoacetic acid, 38, 38f, 121
Acetone, 38, 38f, 121
Acetylation, 64
Acetylcholine (Ach), 184–190
in autonomic nervous system, 251, 252f
cardiac rate and, 452
in central nervous system, 190
chemically regulated channels and, 185–189
discovery of, 181
G-protein-coupled channels, 186–189, 188f, 188 t
ligand-gated channels, 185, 186f
in peripheral nervous system, 190
receptor types, 185
Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor agonists, 185
Acetylcholine (ACh) receptor antagonists, 185
Acetylcholine (ACh) receptors
muscarinic, 185, 187, 188–189, 256, 257f, 257 t
nicotinic, 185, 186f, 256, 257f, 257 t
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 189, 189f
Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), 111, 111f, 119–
120, 120f, 121, 125
Ach. See Acetylcholine
AChE (acetylcholinesterase), 189, 189f
Acid-base balance, 567–569, 567f, 568–569t, 608–
610, 609f, 610 tIndex
Note: Page references followed by the letters f and t indicate figures and tables, respectively.Acidic solutions, 29–30
Acidosis, 30, 510, 568–569, 568–569t
Acid phosphatase, 91t, 93
Acids, 29–31, 29t, 32 f, 568
Acini, 15, 643
Aciphex (rabeprazole), 627
Acromegaly, 332, 689, 689f
Acrosome, 735
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), 196t, 332,
332 t, 333–334
Actin
in cardiac muscle contractions, 392, 453–454, 453f
in cytoskeleton, 57
in skeletal muscle contractions, 365, 370–371, 371f
in smooth muscle contractions, 393–394, 394f
Actin-binding sites, 368
Action potentials
all-or-none law of, 176, 176f
of axons, 174–178, 175–178f
axons and, 164
in cardiac muscle, 425–426, 425f, 451, 451f
conduction of, 178–179f, 178–180, 180t
EPSPs vs., 185, 187t
myocardial, 426–427, 426f
refractory periods in, 177, 177f
stimulus intensity coding for, 176, 176f
Activation energy, 89
Active hyperemia, 468
Active immunity, 516–517, 519t
Active sites, of enzymes, 89
Active stretch, of muscle spindles, 387
Active transport, 132, 133, 144–148, 145–148f,
590–591
Actos (pioglitazone), 684
Actual ATP yield, 116
Acute gastritis, 628
Acute gastroenteritis, 148
Acute mountain sickness (AMS), 572, 610
Acute renal failure, 613
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 540
ADA (adenosine deaminase), 95
Adam’s apple, 536
Adaptation
dark, in vision, 300
sensory, 268, 306
skeletal muscle, 383, 383t
in stress response, 340–341
Adaptive (specific) immunity, 494, 495, 497–498
Adaptive thermogenesis, 674–675
Addictive drugs, 193, 229–230
Addison’s disease, 338, 606
Adductor muscles, 360t
A-delta fibers, 271
Adenine, 45, 45f, 63, 65, 73
Adenocarcinoma, esophageal, 627
Adenohypophysis, 227, 331
Adenoid, 444f
Adenosine, 198, 435
Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 95
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 99, 368, 414
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), 368, 380, 383,
396, 626
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
in active transport, 144–147
in aerobic respiration, 111, 115–116, 116tin autonomic nervous system, 258
balance sheet, 115–116, 116t
binding site, 368
in catabolic reactions, 107
in citric acid cycle, 111–112, 112–113f, 116
deficiencies in production of, 114
detailed accounting on, 116, 116t
in electron-transfer system, 112–115
formation of, 99, 100f
in glycolytic-lactic acid pathway, 107–110, 110f
in hormone action, 327
as neurotransmitter, 196t, 198
in oxidative phosphorylation, 112, 115, 115f, 116
in skeletal muscle contraction, 368
yield of, 115–116, 116t
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, 113–114
Adenylate cyclase
in hormone action, 326–328, 327f
in neurotransmission, 192
in taste and smell, 276
Adenylate cyclase–cAMP second messenger system,
326–328, 327f, 328 t
Adequate stimulus, 268, 268t
ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone
Adherens junctions, 147
Adherent layer of mucus, 627
Adhesion molecules, 501–502
Adipocytes, 16, 17f, 120, 670
Adipokines, 350, 670
Adiponectin, 671
Adipose tissue
brown, 120–121, 675
components of, 16, 17f
development of, 670
effects on menstrual cycle, 732–733
endocrine functions of, 318t, 670–671
regulatory functions of, 670–672
white, 120, 670
Adiposity, 673
Adipostat, 670
Adjuvants, in immunization, 517
Adoptive cell transfer, 520
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 99, 368, 414
ADPKD (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney
disease), 586
Adrenal androgens, 337
Adrenal cortex, 318t, 337–338, 338–339f
Adrenal glands, 40, 247, 337–341, 666
Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital, 706
Adrenalin. See Epinephrine
Adrenal medulla, 318t, 339
Adrenal zone, fetal, 746
a-Adrenergic receptors, 253–254, 254t, 256 t
b-Adrenergic receptors, 253–254, 254t, 256 t
Adrenergic stimulation, in autonomic nervous
system, 252–254, 254t, 255 f, 256 t
Adrenergic sympathetic fibers, 466
Adrenergic synaptic transmission, 251–252, 252–253f
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 332, 332t,
333–334
actions of, 332, 332t, 334–335
in blood, normal range of, 407t
disorders of, 338
in male reproductive system, 715, 715f
in metabolic regulation, 676, 686fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 1fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 1 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM