Index I-13in reticular activating system, 231
in sleep, 214
Gamma-carboxyglutamate, 418
Gamma globulins, 407
Gamma interferons, 497, 509, 520, 523
Gamma motoneurons, 387, 388
Ganglion cells, 298, 307–308, 308f
Ganglion (ganglia)
autonomic, 244
basal. See Basal nuclei
celiac, 247
ciliary, 250
collateral, 247, 248f
dorsal root, 238, 238f, 385
explanation of, 163, 164t
inferior mesenteric, 247
location of, 244
otic, 250
parasympathetic, 247–251
paravertebral, 246, 246f
pterygopalatine, 250
submandibular, 250
superior mesenteric, 247
sympathetic, 246, 246–247f
terminal, 248
Ganglionic gliocytes (satellite cells), 166, 167t
Gap junctions, 154, 181, 392, 394, 433, 584
Gases. See also specific gases
in blood, 548–550, 548t, 563 t, 570, 570f, 571 t
as neurotransmitters, 196t, 198
partial pressure of, 547–550, 549f, 551 f, 552–553
Gas exchange, 135, 135f, 547–549f, 547–553, 548t,
551–552f
Gas gangrene, 553
GAS (general adaptation syndrome), 340
Gastric acid, 93, 626, 626f, 646, 647f
Gastric banding, 625
Gastric bypass surgery, 625
Gastric cells, 625f, 626
Gastric glands, 15, 625
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), 645
Gastric juice, 93, 626, 626f
Gastric phase of regulation, 646t, 647
Gastric pits, 625
Gastric secretion, phases of, 645–648, 646t
Gastrin, 625, 626, 645, 647, 650
Gastritis, 628
Gastrocnemius muscle, 364, 374, 376, 381, 381f
Gastroenteritis, acute, 148
Gastroesophageal junction, 624
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), 624, 627
Gastroesophageal sphincter, 624
Gastroileal reflex, 648
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract. See also Digestive system
absorption in. See Absorption
endocrine glands of, 349
exocrine glands of, 15
hormones in, 645–646, 646t
layers of, 621–622, 623f
organs of, 621
passage of indigestible materials in, 621
regulation of, 622, 645–648
Gated ion channels, 135f, 136, 173–174, 173f
Gaucher’s disease, 58, 97t
G cells, 625
G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), 411
GDNF (glial-derived neurotrophic factor), 170, 171
GDP (guanosine diphosphate), 155, 187
Gehrig, Lou, 385
Gene conversions, 703digestion and absorption of, 650–654, 651–654f,
651 t
thermic effect of, 675
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 37, 497
Food vacuoles, 54
Foot processes, of podocytes, 587
Foramen ovale, 422
Forced expiratory volume (FEV), 544, 544f
Force-velocity curve, 375–376, 376f
Forebrain, 207, 208f, 225, 226f
Foreign antigens, 517
Formed elements of blood, 407–409, 410t
Fornix, 219
Forteo (teriparatide), 693
Fosamax, 693
Fovea centralis, 304, 304f
FOXP3 gene, 508, 522
Fragile X syndrome, 68
Frank, Otto, 453
Frank–Starling law of the heart, 453, 453f, 454
Fraternal twins, 736
Free bilirubin, 638–639
Free energy, 98
Free fatty acids, 38, 120
Free nerve endings, 270, 270t
Free radicals, 114, 666, 668–669
Freezing-point depression, 140
Frequency, of sound waves, 283, 285–286, 286f,
288–289, 288–289f
Frontal lobe, 210, 211t
Frostbite, 475
Fructose, 33, 34f, 138
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 319, 332, 332t
Functional groups, 31–32, 32f, 41, 41f
Functional hyperemia, 474
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 213,
213 t, 220
Functional residual capacity, 542, 542t
Functional syncytium, 425, 428
Function tests
pulmonary, 542–544, 542t, 543–544f
renal, 611, 613
Fundus, of stomach, 625
Fungiform papillae, 274
Funiculi, 232
Furchgott, Robert, 5t
Furosemide (Lasix), 612
Fusion, 59G
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), 195–196, 195f,
196 t, 224
G-actin, 370
Gage, Phineas P., 224–225
Galactose, 33, 34f
Galen, 4
Gallbladder, 621, 641–643, 642f
Gallstones, 642, 642f
GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissues), 634
Galvanic skin response (GSR), 261
Gametes (germ cells), 702
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
benzodiazepines and, 196
in drug abuse, 228
in long-term potentiation, 224
in motor circuit, 216, 216f
as neurotransmitter, 195–196, 195f, 196 t
receptors for, 185Fibrous skeleton, of heart, 418
Fibrous tunic, 291t
Fight or flight response, 247, 251, 339
Filariasis, 459
Filtrate, 587, 588
Filtration
capillary, 457
glomerular, 587–589f, 587–590, 590t
respiratory, 536
Filtration pressure, net, 457, 588
Fimbriae, 723, 723f, 724 f
Final common pathway, 385
Final electron acceptors, 107, 114–115
Final product, of metabolic pathway, 95
Fine, Andrew Z., 5t
First-degree AV node blocks, 442
First Korotkoff sound, 480
First law of thermodynamics, 97
First sound, of heart, 420
Fish, n-3 fatty acids in, 439, 666
Fission, 59
Fissures, 210
Fixational eye movements, 306
Fixed anions, 150, 150f
Fixed phagocytes, 495–496
Flaccid paralysis, 183, 390
Flagella, 52t, 56, 734–735
Flare-and-wheal reaction, 524, 525f
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 100–101, 101f,
112, 114–115, 116, 666
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), 112
Flexor muscles, 360
Flower-spray sensory endings, 386
Fluid exchange, capillary-tissue, 457–458, 458f
Fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure, 53, 53f
Fluorine, daily dietary intake of, 668
Flutter, 440–441
FMN (flavin mononucleotide), 112
FMR1 gene, 68
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 213,
213 t, 220
Foam cells, 437
Foliate papillae, 274
Folic acid (folate), 411, 665t, 666, 667t
Follicles
atretic, 725–726, 726f
hair, 18, 20, 20f
ovarian, 349, 705, 725, 725f, 728 f
thyroid, 341
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
actions of, 319, 332, 332t
anabolic steroids and, 322
in male reproductive system, 709–710, 713–714,
713 f, 718
in menopause, 734
in menstrual cycle, 728–734, 729–731f, 732 t
in ovarian cycle, 725
in ovulation, 726, 729–730
puberty and, 710–711
receptors for, 713
secretion of, 332t, 334, 334f, 335–336
structure of, 319t
Follicular cells, 341
Follicular phase, of menstrual cycle, 729
Folliculotropin. See Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
Food. See also Appetite
allergies to, 523
anabolic requirements for, 664–666
caloric value of, 620, 650, 662fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 13fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 13 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM