Index I-29agonist, 360
anaerobic metabolism and, 109–110
antagonist, 360, 385t, 389–390, 389f
blood flow through, 470, 470t
comparison with cardiac and smooth muscles, 397t
contraction, 364–377. See also Contraction of
skeletal muscles
Cori cycle and, 117–119, 118f
damage and repair of, 384
drugs affecting neural control of, 185, 187t
energy requirements and sources for, 123, 125t,
377–384
exercise training adaptations, 382–384, 383t
fatigue of, 381–382
fibers within, 11, 11f, 380–381, 381–382f, 381 t
glucose production in, 117
hypertrophy, 384
metabolism of, 378–380, 378–380f
motor neuron control of, 235, 235f, 361–364,
362–363f
neural control of, 384–391, 385t
reflexes, 238–239, 387–390, 388–390f, 388 t
relaxation of, 373
stretching of, 387–390
striations in, 11, 11f, 361, 361f, 365, 365–366f
structure of, 360–361, 361f
tone of, 387
Skeletal system, 20t, 157. See also Skeletal muscles
Skin
architecture of, 18–19, 19f
blood flow to, 474–475, 475f
cutaneous sensations, 268, 270–274, 270t, 271 f,
273–274f, 273 t
dermis of, 18
endocrine functions of, 318t
epidermis of, 14, 18
epithelial linings of, 14
exocrine function of, 18
hypodermis of, 18
nerve endings in, 20
pigment of, 20
Skin cancer, 76
Skin test for allergies, 524, 525f
Sleep, 214–215, 220, 231–232, 231f
Sleep apnea, 558
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), 521, 522t, 523
Sliding filament theory of contraction, 367–369,
367 t, 368 f
Sling surgery, 584
Slit diaphragm, 587
Slow component, in axonal transport, 164
Slow oxidative fibers, 380
Slow-twitch fibers, 380–381, 381–382f, 381 t
Slow waves, in small intestine, 631–632, 632f
Slow-wave sleep, 214
Small intestine, 318t, 621, 628–632, 629–632f
Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), 67
Smallpox, 504, 514–516
Smell, 276–278, 277–278f
Smoking, 544, 545, 546
Smooth (agranular) endoplasmic reticulum, 60, 61
Smooth muscles
adrenergic regulation of, 252, 254
autonomic innervation of, 244, 394–395
blood flow and, 466
characteristics of, 11, 11f, 12, 393–394
comparison with skeletal and cardiac muscles, 397t
contractile apparatus of, 394, 394f
excitation-contraction coupling in, 393, 393f,
395–396, 396fSex determination, 702–705
Sex drive, 219
Sex organs, accessory, 705–706, 706–707f, 718–719
Sex steroids
biosynthetic pathway for, 319f, 709, 709f
in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, 336, 336f
negative feedback effects of, 708–709
from placenta, 744, 744f, 744 t
in puberty, 707, 710, 711
secretion of, 40, 320, 322, 349, 709
Sexual reproduction, 702–708
Sexual response, 712
Sheath
myelin, 167–169, 167–169f
of Schwann, 167
Shell, of electrons, 25–26
Shellfish poisoning, 186
Sherrington, Charles, 5t
Shivering, 7, 7f, 227
Shock
anaphylactic, 486
cardiogenic, 486
circulatory, 484–486, 485t
hypovolemic, 484, 486
neurogenic, 486
septic, 486, 510
spinal, 260, 390
Shock-wave lithotripsy, 584
Short-chain fatty acids, 634
Shortening contractions, 376
Short feedback loops, 336
Short interfering RNA (siRNA), 67
Short-term memory, 220
Shunting, 465
Sickle-cell anemia, 564, 564f
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 558
Sigmoid colon, 633
Signaling
cellular, 153–156, 154f
endocrine, 154
local, 154
paracrine, 154
synaptic, 154
Signaling complexes, 427
Signaling molecules, 330–331
Signal-transduction mechanisms, 326
Sildenafil (Viagra), 721
Simple cortical neurons, 308, 308f
Simple diffusion, 133
Simple epithelium, 12, 13t
Single covalent bonds, 30, 31f
Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT), 213t
Single-unit smooth muscles, 394, 395f
Singulair (montelukast), 352, 545
Sinoatrial conduction pathways, 426
Sinoatrial (SA) node, 425
Sinus bradycardia, 440f
Sinuses
carotid, 477
scleral venous, 293
urogenital, 706
Sinusoids, 434, 636
Sinusoids, hepatic, 636–637, 637–638f
Sinus tachycardia, 440
siRNA (short interfering RNA), 67
Skeletal muscle pumps, 435
Skeletal muscles, 360–391
actions of, 360, 360t
adaptations to training, 383–384, 383tSemiconservative replication of DNA, 73–74
Semilunar valves, 419–420, 420f
Seminal vesicles, 16, 706, 719
Seminiferous tubules, 349, 705, 713, 713f
Senescence, 78. See also Age and aging
Senile plaques, 221–222
Sensation, 266–308
adaptations of, 268, 306
categories of, 267–268, 268t
characteristics of, 267–269
cutaneous sensations, 268, 270–274, 270t, 271 f,
273–274f, 273 t
ears and hearing, 282–290, 283–289f
eyes and vision, 290–308. See also Eyes; Vision
generator potentials, 269, 269f
lateral inhibition and, 273, 274f
law of specific nerve energies, 268–269
receptive fields and sensory acuity, 272–273
smell, 276–278, 277–278f
somatesthetic sensations, 210, 271–272
taste, 274–276, 275f
vestibular apparatus and equilibrium, 278–282,
279–282f
Senses, special, 268
Sensitivity, visual, 304, 304–305f
Sensorineural deafness, 289
Sensors, in negative feedback loops, 6
Sensory acuity, 272–273
Sensory adaptation, 268, 306
Sensory (afferent) neurons, 164t, 165, 207
Sensory receptors
categories of, 267–268
characteristics of, 267–269
cutaneous, 268, 270–274, 270t, 271 f
olfactory, 209, 274, 275, 276–278, 278f
phasic, 268, 268f
potentials of, 269, 269f
receptive fields of, 272–273
taste, 274–276
tonic, 268, 268–269f
visual. See Cones; Rods
Sepsis, 510
Septal defects, 421, 421f
Septal nuclei, 219
Septic shock, 486, 510
Septum, of heart, 418
SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca^21
ATPase) pumps, 373
Series-elastic component, 376
Serine, 122t
SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators), 325
Serosa, gastrointestinal, 622
Serotonin
in blood clotting, 414
in drug abuse, 192
functions of, 192
in gastrointestinal regulation, 648
as neurotransmitter, 191, 192, 196t
receptors for, 185, 192
secretion of, 409, 625, 648
Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 192
Serotonin transporter (SERT) proteins, 192
Sertoli cells. See Sustentacular cells
Serum, 407
Set points, 6–7, 7f
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
(SCID), 95
Sex, growth as function of, 711, 711f
Sex characteristics, secondary, 711–712, 711t, 715 t
Sex chromosomes, 79, 703–704fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 29fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 29 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM