I-34 IndexWernicke’s area, 218, 218f
West age-related macular degeneration, 305, 435
Wet brain (Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome), 666
White adipose tissue, 120, 670
White blood cells. See Leukocytes
White fibers, 380
White matter, 169, 209
White rami communicantes, 246
WHO (World Health Organization), 148, 671–672
Wilkins, Maurice, 5t
Windpipe (trachea), 535–536
The Wisdom of the Body (Cannon), 5
Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts, 705–706
Working memory, 198, 221, 221t
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 410
World Health Organization (WHO), 148, 671–672X
Xanax, 196, 232
Xarelto (rivaroxaban), 423
X chromosomes, 703–704, 703f
Xenobiotics, 599
X-linked genes, 703
X-ray computed tomography, 212Y
Yawning, 284
Y chromosomes, 703, 703f
Yeast, and fermentation, 89
Yohimbine, 256tZ
Zantac, 627
Z discs, 366–367, 384
Zinc, recommended dietary allowance for,
665 t, 668
Z lines, 361, 365–366
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 628
Zoloft, 192
Zolpidem, 229
Zona fasciculata, 337
Zona glomerulosa, 337
Zona pellucida, 725
Zona reticularis, 337
Zonular fibers, 293
Zwischenscheibe (Z) discs, 366–367, 384
Zwischenscheibe (Z) lines, 361, 365–366
Zyflo, 352
Zygotes, 19, 702, 703, 736
Zymogenic (chief) cells, 625
Zymogens, 94Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine), 123, 666, 667t
Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin), 408, 411, 665t,
666, 667t
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 438, 666, 667t
Vitamin D, 667–668, 667t
Vitamin D 3 , 321, 693–695, 694f
Vitamin E, 438, 666, 667t
Vitamin K, 418, 666
Vitamin K epoxide reductase, 418
Vitamins. See also specific vitamins
fat-soluble, 666–668
recommended dietary allowances for,
664–665t, 666
sources and functions of, 667t
water-soluble, 666
Vitreous body/humor, 293
VLDLs (very-low-density lipoproteins), 438, 654
VLPO (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus), 231
Vocal cords, 536, 536f
Voice box (larynx), 536, 536f
Voiding reflex, 584
Volatile acids, 568
Voltage, cellular, 150
Voltage-gated calcium channels, 182–183, 372–373
Voltage-gated ion channels, 174, 183
Voluntary muscles. See Skeletal muscles
Vo 2 max, 378
Vomiting, 30
Von Willebrand’s disease, 417
Von Willebrand’s factor, 414
VTA (ventral tegmental area), 228W
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency), 410
Waist-to-hip ratio, 671
Warfarin (Coumadin), 418, 423
Warming, in respiratory system, 536
Warmth, in inflammation, 502
Warmth receptors, 270
Water
in body composition, 25
chemical structure of, 27, 27f
hydrogen bonds between, 29, 29f
ionization of molecules, 29
osmosis and, 34, 135, 136–137, 137f
reabsorption by kidneys, 590–598, 591f
surface tension of, 29
Water channels (aquaporins), 135, 137, 594, 596
Water-soluble vitamins, 666
Watson, James, 5t
Weight gain, 664, 671
Weightlessness, 384, 691
Weight loss, 664, 670, 671
Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, 666
Wernicke’s aphasia, 218Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), 231
Venules, 406, 431, 455
Verapamil, 397, 426
Vergence movements, 306
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy, 625
Vertigo, 282
Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), 438, 654
Vesicles, 55, 182–183
Vestibular apparatus, 278–282, 279–282f
Vestibular membrane, 285–286
Vestibular nuclei, in equilibrium, 278–282, 279–282f
Vestibular nystagmus, 282
Vestibulocochlear nerve, 230, 237t, 280
Vestibulospinal tracts, 234t, 235
Viagra, 198, 721
Villi, 629–630, 630f, 741, 742
Vioxx, 352
VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), 258
Virulence, and antigenicity, 515, 515f
Viruses. See also specific viruses
retroviruses, 509
T lymphocyte responses to, 512, 512f
Viscera, 621
Visceral effector organs, 244, 245
Visceral fats, 671
Visceral pleura, 536
Visible light, 290, 290f
Vision, 290–308. See also Eyes; Retina
accommodation in, 295–296, 296f, 307
age-related changes to, 295–296, 305
averted, 304
color, 301, 303, 303f
dark adaptation in, 300–301, 301–302f
lateral inhibition in, 273, 274f
near point of, 295
neural processing of information, 307–308
refraction and, 294, 294–295f
resolving power of, 296
sensitivity of, 304, 304–305f
20/20 vision, 296
Visual acuity, 296–297, 304
Visual cycle of retina, 299, 300
Visual field, 294, 295f
Visual sensitivity, 304, 304–305f
Visuospatial ability, cortical area related to, 217
Vital capacity, 542, 542t
Vital centers, 231
Vitalist concept of chemical reactions, 89
Vitamin A, 666–667, 667t
Vitamin B 1 (thiamine), 666, 667t
Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin), 101, 666, 667t
Vitamin B 3 (niacin)
characteristics of, 666
functions of, 667t
hydrogen carriers and, 100, 101
lipoprotein levels and, 438
recommended dietary allowance for, 665tfox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 34fox36375_idx_I1-I36.indd 34 2/4/15 10:31 AM2/4/15 10:31 AM