required by law to belong to one of a few
aristocratic families (Norwich, 1989). As a
simple guide, if monarchy is like the rule of
the father in a household, oligarchy is more
like the rule of the father and all his brothers.
(Oligarchies tend to be patriarchal, and thus
the use of the male family members.)
Dictatorship.Adictatorship is rule by one
person who has no hereditary claim to rule.
Dictators may acquire power through a
military takeover, or they may be elected or
appointed. Many people are surprised to find
out that three of the most ruthless dictators
of the twentieth century acquired their
power legitimately. King Victor Emmanuel of
Italy appointed Mussolini prime minister in
- That same year, in the Soviet Union,
Joseph Stalin was elected president of the
Communist Party. German president Paul
von Hindenburg appointed Adolph Hitler as chancellor in 1933. Afterwards,
however, they took over the press, dismantled parliament, outlawed political
opposition, exiled or executed their enemies, and generally ignored the democratic
ideals that gave them their power in the first place (Kilpatrick, 1983).
Totalitarianism.Totalitarianismis when political authority is extended over all other
aspects of social life—including culture, the arts, and social relations. Any political
system may become totalitarian when no organized opposition is permitted and
political information is censored. Secret police and paid informers closely monitor
the people to ensure that they remain loyal to a rigidly defined ideology.
Propaganda, misinformation, and terror are used to ensure obedience (Arendt,
1958).
In North Korea, for instance, pictures of “Dear Leader” Kim Jong-il are every-
where, and political messages are broadcast over loudspeakers, constantly remind-
ing citizens that they owe allegiance to the state. Government-controlled schools
and mass media present only official versions of events, and very little knowledge
of the outside world is permitted. No labor unions or other political groups are per-
mitted, and even social groups are closely monitored. Friends and family members
are encouraged to spy on each other, reporting momentary lapses into disloyalty.
Some 200,000 people are held in concentration camps as “political dissidents”
(Martin, 2004).
No doubt many absolute monarchs would have preferred totalitarian regimes,
but they lacked the cameras, radios, telephones, and other equipment necessary to
closely monitor their citizens and to quickly locate and punish dissidents. Only in the
twentieth century did the technology become available.
Other than the brutal attempts to control the thoughts and behaviors of their cit-
izens, modern totalitarian governments have little in common. They can start out as
democracies (Nazi Germany), constitutional monarchies (Italy under Mussolini), or
socialist states (the Soviet Union under Stalin). They span economic systems, although
free-enterprise capitalism is uncommon because it is difficult to control. They tend
to be more common in rich nations than in poor nations because they are expensive
to maintain (North Korea expends 25 percent of its resources on the military).
POLITICAL SYSTEMS 461JAlthough dictators rule by
violence, they often have
significant popular support.
Adolf Hitler arriving at a rally
in Nuremberg in 1936.