Extinction, 119, 121, 122 , 153, 165, 168 ,
169, 173–5, 185, 194, 197
F
Facilitation, 7, 10, 26, 39, 71, 139–41,
153, 158
Farming system, 123–6
Fitness, 114, 116, 119 , 152–4, 157, 160,
162, 165, 169, 174, 177, 180 , 181–7,
197
Food chain, 2, 17, 19–22, 27, 33, 38,
97–102, 104, 114, 169
Food web structures, 3, 10, 17, 19,
31 , 41, 75, 78, 79, 95, 109, 151,
163–78, 195
Food webs, 2, 3, 8 , 9, 17–22, 25–32,
37–44, 66–71, 84, 87 , 95, 97–100,
105, 117, 127 , 151, 163–78, 193–6,
199–201
Foraging ecology, 18
Foraging range, 85, 104
Functional dissimilarity, 69, 157, 158
Functional groups, 31 , 70 , 71, 73–5, 78,
97–9, 108, 115, 120 , 123, 151,
172, 198
Functional response, 41, 42, 44, 173
Fungal, 79, 80 , 87 , 156, 181–2, 184,
188, 191
Future directions of community
research, 2, 3
G
Geometry, 7, 25
Goose, 85, 133–6, 140, 145, 146
Grassland food web, 8 ,9
Grazing, 10, 87, 96, 102, 106, 115, 131,
134, 136–47, 153
Grazing intensity, 131, 134,
142, 147
H
Habitat fragmentation, 53, 83, 183–4, 191
Hare, 3, 133–41, 147
Heterogeneity, 48, 49, 51–2, 58, 70,
72, 77, 118, 120 , 122, 124–6,
128 , 154
Historical contingency, 2, 46–9, 51–4, 83
Horizontal spatial variability, 75, 76
Host-parasite, 7, 19, 38, 44
Human-dominated landscapes, 115,
116, 118, 122, 124–6
Hypercycles, 15, 16, 18
I
Immigration history, 2, 45 ,46–50,52,53
Individualistic continuum concept, 1
Interaction strengths, 7, 16–36, 38, 40,
41, 109–10, 163–4, 166, 170, 172,
173, 178
Interaction webs, 10, 27, 32, 35
Internal and external dispersal, 51
Internal dynamics, 27–32, 35, 172
Intra-guild predation, 26–8, 34,
38 , 164
Intransitive loop, 11
Intraspecific variation, 155, 160
Invasion, 2, 3, 16, 37, 40, 47, 53, 84, 86,
90–3, 95, 99–100, 104, 105, 113,
114, 136, 143, 151, 157–9, 161, 165,
179, 183, 185, 187, 191, 195–9
Invertebrates, 1, 11, 37, 42, 43, 62, 66,
69, 85, 86, 88, 89, 92, 93, 102, 113,
131,143–5, 147
Island biogeography, 60, 116, 117, 119K
Keystone consumer, 39L
Land use change, 85–90, 121
Landscape heterogeneity, 118, 120 ,
124–6, 128
Legumes, 180, 183, 185, 187–8
Livestock, 131, 132, 140–7
Local adaptation, 151, 155
Local effect–distant cause, 86–7, 93
Local stability analyses, 40
Local-regional dynamics, 115–6, 118,
119, 130
Long-term monitoring, 32
Lotka-Volterra, 26, 30, 36, 50, 58, 187M
Mainland-island model, 50
Management, 2, 3, 83, 86, 90, 92, 93, 95,
96, 110, 112, 115–21, 123–6,
130–47, 152, 195
Management as pseudo-experiment,
123
Metacommunity, 2, 7, 50, 51, 57–68,
97, 115–22, 124–30, 175, 193
Metacommunity model, 50, 57–9, 61, 65
Metapopulation, 57, 58, 60, 65, 116,
117, 119–21
Molecular markers, 154Multitrophic interaction, 83
Mutations, 153, 165, 182
Mutualisms, 3, 9, 15, 16 , 17, 179–85
Mutualistic, 2, 15, 88, 177, 179–85, 200
Mutualistic networks, 2, 15–8, 177, 201
Myco-heterotrophic plants, 191
Mycorrhizal fungi, 17, 88, 89, 91, 92 ,
156, 179, 182 , 185, 188–91N
Natural selection, 65, 152–5, 160–1,
179, 183, 186
Negative feedbacks, 88, 179
Network stability, 17, 18, 40, 44, 201
Niche theory, 115, 117, 122
Nitrogen, 72, 83, 90, 98, 123, 132–3,
140, 143, 156, 182, 185–90
Nodes, 7, 9, 10, 16
Null models, 28, 46, 53, 195
Nutrients, 3, 9–13, 12, 13, 20, 21 ,
31 , 32, 33, 38, 42, 46, 51 ,69–72,
75, 79, 80 , 85–9, 95, 97, 104, 113,
115, 132, 133, 152, 157, 159 ,166–70,
167, 181–5, 188–92, 191, 194O
Omnivory module, 38, 40
Organic farming, 2, 123–8
Organic matter quality, 69, 71–3, 76–8
Organismic concept of communities, 1P
Palatability of plants, 72
Paradox of enrichment, 21, 32
Parasitic, 177, 180–1, 183
Parasitism, 1, 37, 66, 177, 179–83, 186
Pathogens, 18–19, 86, 88–92, 98, 118,
184, 189
Permanent endcycles, 47, 48, 50
Phenotypic plasticity, 152, 154–6,
159–62, 174
Phosphorus, 14, 31 , 182, 188–9, 190
Plant community, 86, 88, 90, 135, 141,
145, 179, 183, 191
Plant community structure, 86, 89, 135
Plant productivity, 85, 133, 156, 157,
189, 191
Plant-pollinator networks, 9, 15, 16
Plant-soil feedback, 88
Pollination, 10, 37, 187
Pollinators, 9, 15 68, 86, 91, 127, 179,,
181, 183–5246 INDEX