References 28583 Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Patel AB, Doyle R (2016). Atopic diseases and
inflammation of the brain in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders.
Transl. Psychiatry, 6 (6):e844.
84 Kern JK, Geier DA, Sykes LK, Geier MR (2016). Relevance of
neuroinflammation and encephalitis in autism. Front. Cell Neurosci., 9 :519.
85 Gądek‐Michalska A, Tadeusz J, Rachwalska P, Bugajski J. (2013). Cytokines,
prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress‐response systems.
Pharmacol. Rep., 65 (6):1655–62.
86 Angelidou A, Asadi S, Alysandratos KD, et al. (2012). Perinatal stress,
brain inflammation and risk of autism‐review and proposal. BMC Pediatr.,
12 :89.
87 Brkic M, Balusu S, Van Wonterghem E, et al. (2015).Amyloid β oligomers
disrupt blood‐CSF barrier integrity by activating matrix metalloproteinases.
J. Neurosci., 35 (37):12766–78.
88 Zimmerman AW, Jyonouchi H, Comi AM, et al. (2005). Cerebrospinal fluid
and serum markers of inflammation in autism. Pediatr. Neurol., 33 :195–201.
89 Li X, Chauhan A, Sheikh AM, et al. (2009). Elevated immune response in the
brain of autistic patients. J. Neuroimmunol., 207 :111–6.
90 Tsilioni I, Taliou A, Francis K, Theoharides TC (2015). Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorders, who improved with a luteolin containing dietary
formulation, show reduced serum levels of TNF and IL‐6. Transl. Psychiatry,
5 :e647.
91 Ashwood P, Krakowiak P, Hertz‐Picciotto I, et al. (2011). Elevated plasma
cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune
dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain
Behav. Immun., 25 : 40–45.
92 Hagberg H, Mallard C (2005). Effect of inflammation on central nervous
system development and vulnerability: review. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 18 (2):
117–23.
93 Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, et al. (2005). Neuroglial activation and
neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann. Neurol.,
57 :67–81.
94 Pardo CA, Vargas DL, Zimmerman AW (2005). Immunity, neuroglia and
neuroinflammation in autism. Int. Rev. Psychiatry, 17 (6):485–95.
95 Smith SE, Li J, Garbett K, et al. (2007). Maternal immune activation alters fetal
brain development through interleukin‐6. J. Neurosci., 27 :10695–702.
96 Gupta S, Ellis SE, Ashar FN, et al. (2014). Transcriptome analysis reveals
dysregulation of innate immune response genes and neuronal activity
dependent genes in autism. Nat. Commun., 5 :5748.
97 Goines PE, Ashwood P (2012). Cytokine dysregulation in autism spectrum
disorders (ASD): possible role of the environment. Neurotoxicol. Teratol.,
36 :67–81.
98 Onore C, Careaga M, Ashwood P (2012). The role of immune dysfunction in
the pathophysiology of autism. Brain Behav. Immun., 26 :383–92.