Devita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer

LWBK1006-12 LWW-Govindan-Review November 24, 2011 11:21

138 DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s CANCER: Principles and Practice of Oncology Review

ANSWERS

Answer 12.1. The answer is A.

There are no significant differences in smoking cessation rates among

the several forms of NRT. Nicotine causes vasoconstriction and may be

associated with compromised postsurgical wound healing.

Answer 12.2. The answer is C.

Data from the 2008 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) indicate

that approximately 20% of US adults are smokers. Although there was

a significant decrease in the prevalence of smoking over the last 10

years, the rate remained unchanged over the last 5 most recent NHIS

surveys.

Answer 12.3. The answer is D.

The standard definition of nonsmokers includes patients who smoked

less than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. In contrast, patients who smoked

more than five packs of cigarettes and already quit are classified as former

smokers.

Answer 12.4. The answer is C.

The number of cigarettes smoked per day and age of initiation, subtracted

from the current age, reflect the total dose of cigarette consumption. The

best measurement of nicotine dependence is the time from waking up to

the first cigarette smoking. Patients who smoke the first cigarette within

30 minutes from waking up have high level of dependence and will likely

need more intensive cessation therapy.

Answer 12.5. The answer is C.

Several pharmacological agents have been used for the treatment of

nicotine dependence, including the partial agonist of the 2 4 nicotinic

acetylcholine receptor varenicline, nortriptyline that increases the synap-

tic concentration of norepinephrine and bupropion, which increased the

level of dopamine in the brain through blockage of dopamine reuptake.

Answer 12.6. The answer is B.

In chemopreventive studies, intraepithelial neoplasias could be used as

surrogate end points, allowing cancer diagnosis at an early stage, identi-

fication of high-risk individuals, and reduction in the size and duration

of chemoprevention trials. Colorectal adenoma, actinic keratosis, and

bronchial dysplasia are neoplastic surrogates for colorectal carcinoma,

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, and lung carcinoma, respectively.

Unlike dysplastic nevus, which is a premalignant pigmented skin lesion,

junctional nevi are not a premalignant lesion.