Devita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer

LWBK1006-05 LWW-Govindan-Review November 24, 2011 11:20

72 DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s CANCER: Principles and Practice of Oncology Review

Question 5.12. The recent development of molecular and molecular biomarkers has

changed the development of epidemiology studies and clinical trials. Fur-

ther investigation of molecular markers, especially phenotypic markers,

will require which of the following issues to be addressed:

A. Reproducibility of assays

B. Versatile assays

C. Sensitive and specific assays

D. Quality assurance procedures

E. All of the above

Question 5.13. Statistical methods are required to evaluate the role of chance. A usual

way to calculate chance is to establish the upper and lower limits of a

95% confidence interval around a point estimate for relative risk (risk

ratio, rate ratio, or odds ratio). All are true about confidence intervals,

EXCEPT:

A. If the confidence interval does not include 1, the observed association

is statistically significant.

B. The width of the confidence interval is not inversely related to the

number of participants in a study or sample size.

C. The calculation of the confidence interval assumes that the only thing

that would differ in hypothetical replications of the study would be

statistical or chance element in the data.

D. The calculation of the confidence interval assumes that the variability

in the data can be described adequately by statistical methods and that

biases are nonexistent.

E. The choice of 95% is almost default in the upper and lower limits of

the interval (e.g., 90% or 99%) and can be calculated and interpreted

accordingly.

Question 5.14. All of the following are true about lung cancer prevalence, EXCEPT:

A. The number of lung cancer cases in economically developing coun-

tries now exceeds the number in developed countries.

B. Globally, an estimated 85% of lung cancers in men and 47% of lung

cancers in women are attributable to tobacco smoking.

C. The lung cancer incidence rate in 2002 in Chinese women is higher

than that among women in France and Germany despite the low

prevalence of smoking.

D. The highest rates of lung cancer are among men in Eastern Europe,

North America, and the rest of Europe, reflecting differences in his-

torical patterns of smoking.

E. All of the above are true.

Question 5.15. SNPs in which of the following genes are associated with increased risk

for developing lung cancer?

A. CHRNA3

B. FGFR2

C. JAZF1

D. SMAD7