Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Methods and Protocols

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invades the other structures such as the aorta, vertebral body

or trachea, etc.

5. The regional lymph nodes to search for metastases are peri-
   esophageal lymph nodes, which include cervical nodes to celiac
   lymph nodes (Fig. 4 ). N0 means absence of regional lymph
   nodes metastases; N1 means 1–2 lymph nodes are positive for
   metastatic adenocarcinoma; N2 means 3–6 lymph nodes are
   positive for metastatic adenocarcinoma and N3 means 7 or
   more lymph nodes involved by metastatic adenocarcinoma.
   It is important to sample as many regional lymph nodes as
   possible in pathological examination for accurate N staging of
   patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. In addition, the
   number of lymph nodes required for accurate staging depends

Fig. 1 T1: esophageal adenocarcinoma (arrows) involves the submucosa of the esophagus

Fig. 2 T2: esophageal adenocarcinoma (arrow) involves the muscularis propria of the esophagus

Pathological Staging and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma