Human Studies of Cannabinoids and Medicinal Cannabis 751Fabre LF, McLendon D (1981) The efficacy and safety of nabilone (a synthetic cannabinoid)
in the treatment of anxiety. J Clin Pharmacol 21:377S–382S
Foltin RW, Fischman MW, Byrne MF (1986) Behavioural analysis of marijuana effects on
food intake in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 25:577–582
FormukongEA,EvansAT,EvansFJ(1989)Themedicinaluseofcannabisanditsconstituents.
PhytoTher Res 3:219–231
Fox A, Kesingland A, Gentry, et al (2001) The role of central and peripheral Cannabinoid1
receptors in the antihyperalgesic activity of cannabinoids in a model of neuropathic
pain. Pain 92:91–100
Fox SH, Kellett M, Moore AP, et al (2002) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled
trial to assess the potential of cannabinoid receptor stimulation in the treatment of
dystonia. Mov Disord 17:145–149
Georgotas A, Zeidenberg P (1979) Observations on the effects of heavy marijuana smoking
on group interaction and individual behaviour. Compr Psychiatry 20:427–432
Gonzalez R, Carey C, Grant I (2002) Nonacute (residual) effects of cannabis use: a qualitative
analysis and systematic review. J Clin Pharmacol 42:48–57S
Grant I, Gonzalez R, Carey CL, et al (2003) Non-acute (residual) neurocognitive effects of
cannabis use: a meta-analytic study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9:679–689
Greenberg HS, Werness SA, Pugh JE, et al (1994) Short-term effects of smoking marijuana
on balance in patients with multiple sclerosis and normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol
Ther 55:324–328
Greenwald MK, Stitzer ML (2000) Antinociceptive, subjective and behavioural effects of
smoked marijuana in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 59:261–275
Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1993) The history of cannabis. In: Marihuana: the forbidden
medicine. Yale University Press, New Haven, pp 1–23
Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB (1998) The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder:
anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research. J Psychoactive Drugs 30:171–177
Guz A (1996) Respiratory sensations: some clinical perspectives. In: Eds Abrams L, Guz A
(eds) Lung biology in health and disease, vol 90. Marcel Dekker, New York, 389–395
Guzmán M (2003) Cannabinoids: potential anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer 3:745–755
Hadorn D (2004) A review of cannabis and driving skills. In: Guy G, Whittle B, Robson P
(eds) The medicinal use of cannabis and cannabinoids. Pharmaceutical Press, London,
329–365
Hagenbach U, Gafoor N, Brenneisen R, et al (2001) Clinical investigation of delta-9-tetra-
hydrocannabinol (THC) as an alternative therapy for overactive bladders in spinal
cord injury patients. Congress on Cannabis and Cannabinoids, Cologne, Germany.
International Association for Cannabis as Medicine, p 10
Hall W, Solowij N, Lemon J (1994) The health and social consequences of cannabis use.
Monograph series No. 25. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra
Hampson A, Grimaldi M, Axelrod J, et al (1998) Cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydro-
cannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:8268–8273
Hanigan WC, Destree R, Truong XT (1985) The effect of delta-9-THC on human spasticity.
Clin Pharmacol Ther 35:198
Hemming M, Yellowlees PM (1993) Effective treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with mari-
juana. J Clin Pharmacol 7:389–391
Hepler RS, Frank IM (1971) Marihuana smoking and intraocular pressure. JAMA 217:1392
Hepler RS, Frank IM, Petrus R (1976) Ocular effects of marihuana smoking. In: Braude MC,
Szara S (eds) The pharmacology of marihuana. Raven Press, New York, pp 815–824
Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, et al (1990) Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1932–1936
Hinderer SR, Gupta S (1996) Functional outcome measures to assess interventions for
spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77:1083–1089
Hodges C (1992) Very alternative medicine. Spectator, 1 August 1992, p 18