140 Andrew Geddes
effects of the Arab Uprisings since 2010 and in the broader context of migra-
tion within EU external relations (Lavenex 2004, 2006). It argues that there
is no simple dichotomy between ‘risk’ and ‘danger’. Instead, these are the
classic dilemmas of migration policy in destination countries that must
decide on criteria for admission and thus guard against some migration
f lows and manage others. Constructions of risk and danger are two sides of
the same coin rather than different approaches to migration management.
This chapter analyses the external dimension of EU action on migration
(Lavenex 2004, 2006). What this means is the ways in which EU action on mi-
gration has an impact on surrounding states and regions, both within what
the EU calls its ‘neighbourhood’, and beyond. This means a focus on non-EU
member states, migration f lows from and across them, and the relationship
between these and EU approaches to migration, development and security.
The various aspects of EU policy dealing with both the ‘internal’ and the
‘external’ aspects of policy are now encompassed within what the EU calls
its Global Approach to Migration and Mobility or GAMM (CEC 2011b).
The result of these developments is the emergence of new forms of
‘international-migration relations’ that centre on the EU as a regional
organisation with 28 member states which has migration relations with a
large number of non-EU states. Some of these non-EU states may become
EU member states, particularly in South-Eastern Europe, but the important
point regarding partner countries in the MENA region is that they are ex-
tremely unlikely to ever become EU member states. This contrasts with the
situation of Turkey, which is fast becoming a destination country in its own
right. This chapter does not focus on developments in Turkey and the long
saga, dating back to the early 1960s, of its quest for membership. However,
Turkey is and will remain a key player in Europe’s neighbourhood and an
important country in terms of the international-migration relations that
link Europe with its neighbours and beyond. The situation is different from
that of Turkey for countries with little prospect of becoming EU members,
which changes the nature of the political game in the sense that incen-
tive structures differ depending on whether or not there is a membership
perspective. If a country is able to join the EU (such as non-member states
in South-Eastern Europe), then this alters the dynamics of relations with the
EU and gives the EU more leverage (Taylor, Geddes & Lees 2012). If a state
does not have any membership prospects then what kind of incentives and
leverage exist within this migration relationship? The answer to this, so far
as can be seen from current action, is the creation of a ‘migration dialogue’.
As will be seen later in this chapter, these dialogues attempt to add a politi-
cal element to international-migration relations by promoting channels