notes to chapter 1 211
- I am moving quickly through the period leading up to the 1860 education re-
forms; Richardson’s Literature, Education, and Romanticism: Reading as Social Prac-
tice 1780–1832 provides an excellent survey of broad educational movements in the
period. - See Mugglestone, Lost for Words; Dowling , Language and Decadence in the Vic-
torian Fin de Siècle; Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in Britain 1750–1914; and
Strabone, Grammarians and Barbarians. Also, Tony Crowley Standard English and
the Politics of Language; St. Clair, The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period; Cohen,
“Whittier, Ballad Reading, and the Culture of Nineteenth–Century Poetry.” - Cf. Cureton, “A Disciplinary Map for Verse Study.”
- I have benefited from the work of English language historians Manfred Görlach
and Ian Michael, especially, as guides to the development of grammar teaching in
nineteenth-century England. See Görlach, English in Nineteenth-Century England: An
Introduction and Michael, The Teaching of English from the Sixteenth Century to 1870. - See Spoel, “Rereading the Elocutionists: The Rhetoric of Thomas Sheridan’s ‘A
Course of Lectures on Elocution’ and John Walker’s ‘Elements of Elocution.’” - See Woods, “The Cultural Tradition of Nineteenth-Century ‘Traditional’
Grammar Teaching”; Fries, “The Rules of Common School Grammars.” - Though Elfenbein’s recent Romanticism and the Rise of English takes into ac-
count grammatical debates about usage in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centu-
ries, prosody has received little attention. - Strabone, “Samuel Johnson: Standardizer of English, Preserver of Gaelic.”
- Johnson, Dictionary; Fussell, Theory of Prosody in Eighteenth Century England,
25–26. Fussell speculates that “an acquaintance with John Rice’s Introductions to the
Art of Reading with Energ y and Propriety” (London, 1765) may have caused Johnson
to add the new sentence to his revision of The Dictionary” (26, n.116). - Percy, Reliques of Ancient English Poetry: Consisting of Old Heroic Ballads, Songs,
and other Pieces of our earlier Poets, (Chiefly of the Lyric kind.) Together with some few of
later Date. - Strabone, Barbarians and Grammarians, 283.
- Percy, Reliques, 261.
- Review of King Alfred’s Anglo-Saxon Version of the Metres of Boethius, with an
English translation and notes, in A Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. 158: 49. - Turner, History of England, 264–65.
- Some important early nineteenth-century publications in Anglo-Saxon studies
were Thomas Whitaker’s 1813 version of Piers Plowman; John J. Conybeare’s 1814
“English Paraphrase” of Beowulf contained in Observations on the metre of the Anglo-
Saxon poetry; further observations on the poetry of our Anglo-Saxon ancestors (London:
Archaeologia, 1814); Conybeare, Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry; Joseph Bos-
w o r t h’s Elements of Anglo-Saxon Grammar; and Kemble, A Translation of the Anglo-
Saxon poem Beowulf. Versions of Beowulf appeared in nearly every decade of the nine-
teenth century thereafter (A. D. Wackerbarth, 1849; Benhamin Thorpe, 1865;
Thomas Arnold, 1876; James M. Garnett, 1882; H. W. Lumsden, 1883; John Gibb,
1884; G. Cox, E. H. Jones, 1886; John Earl, 1892; Leslie Hall, 1892; William Morris
and A. J. Wyatt, 1898). - Murray, Grammar, 207.