Because the character of citizens is affected by their
environment, Aristotle sees the society as regulating
much of life to ensure JUSTICE. For example, he finds
that different kinds of music greatly affect character
and actions, so the society has an interest in prevent-
ing hostile or destructive music, especially among the
young. Fine and sacred music brings out the best in
people; harsh and obscene music can lead to destruc-
tive behavior and social chaos, so it is properly regu-
lated by society.
Further Readings
Aristotle. The Complete Works,J. Barnes, ed.; includes The Poli-
tics,B. Jowett, transl. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1984.
———. The Politics,2nd ed., E. Barker, ed. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1948.
———. Articles on Aristotle: 3—Ethics and Politics,M. Schofield
and R. Sorabji, eds. London: Duckworth, 1977.
Carnes, Lord, and O’Connor, David K., eds. Essays on the Foun-
dations of Aristotelian Political Science,Richard Bodeus et
al., contributors. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1991.
Fritz, K. von, and Kapp, E. Aristotle’s Constitution of Athens.
1950.
Gadamer, Hans Georg. The Idea of the Good in Platonic–Aris-
totelian Philosophy,transl. by and with an intro. and anno.
by P. Christopher Smith. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univer-
sity Press, 1986.
Lear, Jonathan. Aristotle: The Desire to Understand.New York:
Cambridge University Press, 1988.
MacIntyre, Alasdair D. Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry:
Encyclopedia, Genealogy, and Tradition. Gifford lectures
delivered in the University of Edinburgh in 1988. Notre
Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1990.
Mulgan, R. G., Aristotle’s Political Theory.Toronto: Clarendon,
1977.
Schollmeier, Paul, Other Selves: Aristotle on Personal and Political
Friendship.Albany: State University of New York Press, ca.
1994.
Swanson, Judith A., The Public and the Private in Aristotle’s Polit-
ical Philosophy.Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Atatürk, Kemal (1881–1938) Turkish soldier,
political leader and reformer, and founder and presi-
dent of modern Turkey
Kemal assumed the name Atatürk,or “father of the
turks,” in 1934 in place of his original name Mustafa
Kemal. He grew up in the decaying Ottoman Empire,
attending a military academy and rising quickly in the
Imperial Army because of his courage and intelligence.
In 1908, Kemal became involved in the Young Turk
movement’s attempt to overthrow the waning Ottoman
regime and establish a modern REPUBLIC in Turkey.
During World War I, he commanded a victorious force
in the Dardenelles, gaining great prestige as a heroic
military leader. For Americans, he might be seen as
similar in character and fame to Gen. George Washing-
ton, the leader of the Continental army and first presi-
dent of the United States.
After Turkey’s defeat in WWI, the Allies divided the
Ottoman Empire among the victors, with the sultan
ruler in Constantinople cooperating. Kemal and other
Turkish patriots saw this as treasonous. In May 1919,
Atatürk helped form the Turkish National Party and an
independent army. Later that year, a new government
was formed by nationalist congresses in Erzerum and
Sivas. When the British occupied Constantinople,
Atatürk set up a new government in the city of
Ankara. A fierce civil war ensued, and the Turkish
forces defeated the allies, expelled the Greeks and the
Armenians, and abolished the sultanate. Modern
Turkey established a European constitutional republic
with a parliament and elected Atatürk president in
1923, 1927, 1931, and 1935. Very rapidly, Atatürk
reformed Turkish society from a feudal ISLAMIC MONAR-
CHYto a MODERN, SECULAR, Western republic. He abol-Atatürk, Kemal 21Kemal Atatürk, 1924.(LIBRARY OFCONGRESS)