NOTES TO PAGES 196–201 | 499
- J. Naughton, ‘The newly restored Bletchley Park and the fast-eroding freedoms it was set up to
defend’, The Guardian (22 June 2014) (https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/22/
bletchley-park-gchq-surveillance-home-office-edward-snowden). - S. McKay, ‘How Alan Turing’s secret papers were saved for the nation’, Th e Te l e g r a p h (30 July 2011)
(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/lifestyle/8668156/How- Alan-Turings-secret-papers-were-saved-for-
the-nation.html).
CHAPTER 20 BABy (COPElAND)
- A fuller version of the events at Manchester is related in two of my articles, on which this chapter is
based: ‘The Manchester computer: a revised history. Part I The memory’, and ‘The Manchester computer:
a revised history. Part II The Baby machine’, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 33 (2011), 4–21
and 22–37. Aspects of my research on the Manchester computer have also been published in my articles
‘A lecture and two radio broadcasts on machine intelligence by Alan Turing’, in K. Furukawa, D. Michie,
and S. Muggleton (eds), Machine Intelligence 15, Oxford University Press (1999), 445–76, ‘Colossus and
the dawning of the computer age’, in R. Erskine and M. Smith (eds), Action This Day, Bantam Books
(2001), ‘Modern history of computing’, in E. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford
University Press (2001) (http://plato.stanford.edu), and in The Essential Turing, Chapters 5 and 9, Copeland
et al. (2005), Chapter 5, Copeland et al. (2006), Chapter 9, and Turing (Copeland 2012), Chapter 9.
The research reported in this chapter has spanned many years and I am indebted to numerous
pioneers and historians of the computer (some no longer alive) for information and discussion: Art
Burks, Alice Burks, George Davis, Dai Edwards, Tom Flowers, Jack Good, Peter Hilton, Harry Huskey,
Hilary Kahn, Tom Kilburn, Simon Lavington, Donald Michie (who provided inspiration, hospitality,
and eye-opening discussion at his homes in Oxford in 1995 and Palm Desert in 1998), Brian Napper,
tommy Thomas, Geoff Tootill, Robin Vowels, and Mike Woodger; also Jon Agar, for introducing me
to the Manchester Archive in 1995, and William Newman for information about his father Max. I
am especially grateful to Donald Michie for suggesting in 1995 that I document Newman’s role in the
Manchester computer project. - F. C. Williams and T. Kilburn, ‘Electronic digital computers’, Nature, 162(4117) (1948), 487; the letter
is dated 3 August 1948. - Kilburn in interview with Copeland (July 1997). Letter from TRE to NPL (9 January 1947) in the
Manchester Archive. - Letter from Turing to Michael Woodger, undated, received 12 February 1951, in the Woodger Archive;
a digital facsimile is in The Turing Archive for the History of Computing (http://www.AlanTuring.net/
turing_woodger_feb51). Martin Campbell-Kelly has provided an excellent account of the Mark I in
his ‘Programming the Mark I: early programming activity at the University of Manchester’, Annals of
the History of Computing, 2 (1980), 130–68. - N. Stern, ‘The BINAC: a case study in the history of technology’, Annals of the History of Computing,
1 (1979), 9–20, p. 17, and N. Stern, ‘From ENIAC to UNIVAC: an appraisal of the Eckert–Mauchly
computers’, Digital (1981), p. 149. - W. H. Ware, ‘The history and development of the electronic computer project at the Institute for
Advanced Study’, RAND Corporation Report P-377, Santa Monica (10 March 1953), pp. 16–17. - M. Croarken, ‘The beginnings of the Manchester computer phenomenon: people and influences’, IEEE
Annals of the History of Computing, 15 (1993), 9–16, p. 9; S. H. Lavington, A History of Manchester
Computers, NCC Publications (1975), p. 8 (2nd edn, British Computer Society, 1998). See also M.
Croarken, Early Scientific Computing in Britain, Oxford University Press (1990), S. H. Lavington,
Early British Computers: the Story of Vintage Computers and the People Who Built Them, Manchester
University Press (1980), and M. Wilkes and H. J. Kahn, ‘Tom Kilburn CBE FREng’, Biographical
Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 49 (2003), 285–97. - Letter from Williams to Randell (1972), in B. Randell, ‘On Alan Turing and the origins of digital
computers’, in B. Meltzer and D. Michie (eds), Machine Intelligence 7, Edinburgh University Press
(1972), p. 9. I am grateful to Brian Randell for supplying me with a copy of the letter.