The Turing Guide

512 | NOTES TO PAGES 295–298

29. K. M. Ford and P. J. Hayes, ‘On computational wings: rethinking the goals of artificial intelligence’,
    Scientific American Presents, 9(4) (1998), p. 79.


30. French ‘Subcognition and the limits of the Turing test’ (Note 27), p. 53; French, ‘Dusting off the Turing
    test’ (Note 15), p. 165.


31. P. Millican, ‘The philosophical significance of the Turing machine and the Turing test’, in B. Cooper
    and J. van Leeuwen (eds), Alan Turing: His Work and Impact, Elsevier (2013), p. 599; ‘Artificial stupid-
    ity’, The Economist, 324(7770) (1 August 1992), p. 14.


32. See Copeland (Note 10), pp. 10–11.


33. Turing (1950), p. 442.


34. The phrase ‘intellectual statues’ is from B. Whitby, ‘The Turing test: AI’s biggest blind alley?’, in
    P. Millican and A. Clark (eds), The Legacy of Alan Turing, Vol. I: Machines and Thought, Oxford
    University Press (1996), p. 58; the notion of an ‘intelligence amplifier’ is from D. B. Lenat, ‘Building
    a machine smart enough to pass the Turing test: could we, should we, will we?’, in R. Epstein, G.
    Roberts, and G. Beber (eds), Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the
    Quest for the Thinking Computer, Springer (2008), p. 281.


35. G. Jefferson, ‘The mind of mechanical man’, British Medical Journal, 1(4616) (1949), 1105–1110,
    p. 1110. On anthropomorphism in AI, see D. Proudfoot, ‘Anthropomorphism and AI: Turing’s much
    misunderstood imitation game’, Artificial Intelligence, 175(5–6) (2011), 950–7.


36. G. Kasparov, ‘The chess master and the computer’, New York Review of Books, 57(2) (11 February
    2010); ‘Computers and chess: not so smart’, The Economist (1–7 February 2003), p. 13; Douglas
    Hofstadter as quoted in B. Weber, ‘Mean chess-playing computer tears at meaning of thought’, New
    York Times (19 February 1996).


37. DeepBlue: http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/meet/html/d.3.3a.html#whychess; Watson:
    http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson/ (for detailed information on Watson’s archi-
    tecture see D. Ferruci, E. Brown, J. Chu-Carroll, J. Fan, D. Gondek, A. A. Kalyanpur, A. Lally, J. W.
    Murdock, E. Nyberg, J. Prager, N. Schlaefer, and C. Welty, ‘Building Watson: an overview of the
    DeepQA project’, AI Magazine, 31(3) (2010), 59–79); ‘Artificial Intelligence: the Difference Engine:
    the answering machine’, Economist (18 February 2011); R. Kurzweil, ‘Kurzweil: why IBM’s Jeopardy
    victory matters’, PCMag (20 January 2011).


38. IBM Watson AI XPRIZE: ‘Announcing the IBM Watson AI XPRIZE; a cognitive computing competi-
    tion’ (http://www.xprize.org/ai).


39. J. Searle, ‘Watson doesn’t know it won on “Jeopardy” ’, Wall Street Journal (23 February 2011).


40. Howard Yu, quoted in S. Borowiec, ‘Computer beats man in final Seoul matchup’, Los Angeles Times
    (16 March 2016); S. Mundy, ‘AlphaGo seals 4–1 win over Korea grandmaster’, Financial Times (16
    March 2016). AlphaGo’s structure is set out in D. Silver et al., ‘Mastering the game of Go with deep
    neural networks and tree search’, Nature, 529 (2016), 484–9.


41. Google DeepMind: AlphaGo (https://deepmind.com/alpha-go).


42. David Silver quoted in ‘AlphaGo vs Lee Sedol: history in the making’, Chess News (13 March 2016)
    (http://en.chessbase.com/post/alphago-vs-lee-sedol-history-in-the-making); J. Naughton, ‘Can
    Google’s AlphaGo really feel it in its algorithms?’, The Observer (31 January 2016).


43. T. Chatfield, ‘How much should we fear the rise of artificial intelligence?’, The Guardian (18
    March 2016).


44. G. Johnson, ‘Recognizing the artifice in artificial intelligence’, The New York Times (5 April 2016).


45. ‘Google’s AlphaGo might have bested the world Go champ—but Chinese netizens say it’s not smart
    enough to win at mahjong’, South China Morning Post (15 March 2016).


46. Letter from Anthony Oettinger to Jack Copeland (19 June 2000); see Copeland (Note 10).


47. ‘Computer says Go’ [editorial], The Times (10 March 2016).


48. N. Sanders, ‘Computer says Go’ [letter to the Editor], The Times (11 March 2016).


49. A. Oettinger, ‘Programming a digital computer to learn’, Philosophical Magazine, 43, (1952), 1243–63,
    p. 1250. See B. J. Copeland and D. Proudfoot, ‘Alan Turing—father of the modern computer’, The
    Rutherford Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 4 (2011–2012) (http://
    http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html)..)