Low Carbon Urban Infrastructure Investment in Asian Cities

LOW-CARBON CITY SCENARIOS FOR DKI JAKARTA TOWARDS 2030 69

3.3

2.0 10.5 6.9

9.7

8.8

1.4

7.4

6.2

1.3

6.7

27.5

23.2

• 
  

5

10

15

20

25

30

2005 2030 BaU2030 CM

million toe

Biofuel

Electricity

Gas

Oil

Coal 1.70.6 6.9 5.2

2.4 2.2

1.5

5.7 5.3

2.3

9.3

7.8

6.7

3.3

2.7

1.0

27.5

23.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2005 2030 BaU2030 CM

million toe

Commercial

Industrial

Residenal

Freight Transport

Passenger

Transport

Fig. 4.4 Snapshot of overall city energy demand (by energy type and sector)

11.29

49.24

41.53

• 
  

10

20

30

40

50

60

2005 2030 BaU 2030 CM

million toe

Solar

Biofuel

Geothermal

Hydropower

Gas

Oil

Coal

30.0

140.3

114.0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

million ton CO2

Power supply

Commercial

Industrial

Residential

Freight

TransportPassenger

Fig. 4.5 Snapshot of energy supply mix levels and corresponding sectoral GHG
emission levels

lower than BaU levels for the same year. GHG emission levels associ-
ated with energy used on both the demand and supply sides for the
base year, the BaU scenario, and the CM scenario are presented on the
right hand side of Fig.  4.5.
The share of sectoral consumption by energy type from 2005 to 2030
will change slightly, that is, consumption in all sectors will decrease,
although not in the commercial sector, which will experience an increase
from 7 % to 12 %. As shown in Fig.  4.6 , oil dominates energy supply
(accounting for 49 % of total energy supplies in 2005, with the remaining
51 % shared by natural gas 30 % and electricity 21 %.). Oil is used primarily
for transportation, whereas gas (natural gas and LPG) is largely used in the
industrial and residential sectors. In 2030, under the BaU scenario, the
distribution of energy use by type will be similar to that in 2005, although
oil fuel consumption in the residential sector will no longer exist and will
be replaced by gas (natural gas/LPG) and electricity. The share of oil will
decrease to 44 % and the share of electricity will increase to 27 %.