. shugend and its relationship 999
tebumi (ca. 1820);^7 and Miuchi zaitaku gyōjiki
(n.d., possibly 1850s?).^8 The Hagurosan nenjū gyōji rep-
resents both the liturgical conversion of Haguro to Tendai modes
and the ritual incorporation of existing Shugendō practices, while the
Nenjū hōyō tebumi and the Miuchi zaitaku gyōjiki are both essentially
memoranda. The former, based closely on the Hagurosan nenjū gyōji,
was formulated under the auspices of the reforming Bettō Kakujun
(1762–1847); the latter belonged to the Saizōbō , one of
the highest ranks of the married shugen of Tōge and a direct retainer
of the bettō; this was essentially a guide to the etiquette required of
shugenja vis-à-vis temple administration.
Edo-period Jakkōji was a mature shrine-temple complex with insti-
tutional roots in the medieval period. It was centered on a shrine
to the deity of Mt. Haguro, possibly the Ideha Shrine mentioned in
the “Register of Kami Names” in the Engishiki (927), which,
by at least the twelfth century, was worshipped as an avatar (gongen
) of Kannon. The name “Jakkōji” first appears on a bell inscription
dated 1275, though its history is probably considerably older. Haguro
shugenja are mentioned specifically in a bakufu record of 1297, and
a number of records of shugen-type ascetic practices also date from
around this time. The earliest contemporary topographical description
dates only from 1560.
At that time a number of temples were located on Mt. Haguro:
Jakkōji, centered on the main shrine as well as in its inner precinct,
Kōtakuji (both Shingon-affiliated), was on the summit; two
Tendai temples and a Rinzai temple were located in the village of Tōge
at the foot. All were part of a “single-mountain” (issan )
form of governance under the supervision, from 1583, of the bettō
(a sub-temple of Jakkōji called Hōzenbō ), and not sub-
ject to the control of an external main temple (honzan ). Mt.
Haguro did not have any single sectarian affiliation; its lines of ascetic
tradition and doctrine were permeated by both Shingon and Tendai
elements, as well as by Yoshida Shintō in the sixteenth century. Thus,
though the Shingon-affiliated Jakkōji controlled the religious and
(^7) Gorai 1983, 84–95. Shugendō shiryōshū [I], Higashi Nihon-hen is
essentially a tebumi, a collection of short notes intended to act as a reminder of the
main points of a ritual process, and was edited under the auspices of Kakujun (bettō
1813–1825). The original is in the archive of Togawa Anshō, who made a handwritten
copy in 1952 that is now in the library of Tōhoku University.
(^8) Gorai 1983, 95–103.