326 charles d. orzech
manual, apparently a revision of the first, usually called the “Qinglong
monastery kalpa” 50 This manual gives detailed instructions
concerning ritual procedure and iconography.^51
Recent studies of Faquan’s Garbhakośa manuals shows the struc-
tural dominance of the MVS but the selective use of certain mudrā-
mantra pairs from the STTS, reaffirming the tendency to mix elements
from the STTS and the MVS in the ninth century.^52 Also attributed to
him is the Jianli mantuluo humo yigui , T. 912,
a homa text mostly in gāthā form invoking Acala or Trailokyavijaya
for the ridding of various obstacles; and the Nianduli hao nian ge gong-
yang hu shi batian fa , T. 1295, on the
worship of protective devas, the nine planets, the lunar lodges, etc.
Susiddhi: An Alternative Current?
Japanese scholars who have studied the development of lineages from
Huiguo onward point to a mixing of ritual elements from the MVS
and the STTS in ritual manuals as a signal characteristic of late eighth-
and ninth-century transmissions, and that traditional Chinese reli-
gious ideologies and practices strongly informed the esoteric practice
of the late Tang.^53 For instance, Osabe Kazuo has argued that a major
alternative to the authorized transmission of the MVS cycle through
Huiguo/Faquan is the “heterodox” current related to the Susiddhikara.^54
Four late Tang texts—three ascribed (spuriously) to Śubhākarasiṃha,
one anonymous—are illustrative of the outlines of this current: the
Sanzhong xidi po diyu zhuan yezhang chu sanjie bimi tuoluoni fa
( T. 905), the Foding zun-
shengxin podiyu zhuanyezhang chusanjie bimi san shen foguo san xidi
chenyan yigui
( T. 906), the Foding zunshengxin podiyu zhuanyezhang
chusanjie bimi tuoluoni
(T. 907), and the Qingjing fashen Piluzhe’na xindi fa men chengjiu
(^50) T. 853. The full title is Dabilushena chengfo shenbian jiachi jing lianhua taizang
puti chuangbiao zhi putong zhenyanzang guang da chengjiu yuqie
.
(^51) See Hunter 2001, 8–11.
(^52) See Hunter 2001, 19–22.
(^53) See for example Ōmura 1918, 432–36; Osabe 1971b, 209–52; Matsunaga 1976;
Misakī 1988, 499–508.
(^54) Osabe 1971b, 209; 1982, 131.