Tissue Engineering And Nanotheranostics

“9.61x6.69” b2815 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics

Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics 241

therapeutic targets through two strategies. The first is to block tumor

suppressor miRNA and the other is to target the genes. Thus, the

miRNA can be delivered to target cells by using targeted nanocarrier

system. siRNA is also utilized in the treatment of cancers. For exam­

ple, siRNA was successfully delivered to cyclin CD­1 to silence the

target in leukocytes by liposomes decorated with monoclonal anti­

bodies.^215 Polymer nanomaterials decorated with the integrin ligand

RGD were utilized to deliver siRNA to endothelial cells during

angiogenesis.^216

3.2. Food and Drug Administration-approved Nanodrugs

Because a large number of powerful evidences suggest that the nano­

carrier for anticancer drug delivery can improve the tissue distribution

of drugs, improve the uptake of drugs in the tumors, enhance the

effect of tumor therapy, and reduce the side effects of drugs, the FDA

has approved nearly 10 kinds of nanoparticle drug formulations.^73 In

1995, Doxil was approved for the therapy of ovarian cancer and sar­

coma. In 1996, DaunoXome was approved for the therapy of sar­

coma. In 2002, Eligard (PLGH­polymer and leuprolide formulation)

was approved for the therapy of late­stage prostate cancer. In 2005,

Abraxane was approved for the therapy of breast cancer. In 2006 and

2007, Oncaspar (PEG­L­asparagine) and Genexol­PM (PLA­PEG

micelle with paclitaxel) were approved for the therapy of acute lymph­

oblastic leukemia and metastatic breast cancer, respectively. Moreover,

nanoparticle­based formulations mainly including many liposomal­

based drugs are in various stages of clinical development to test their

pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profiles. The new drugs of irinote­

can SN­38 in phase I/II to treat colorectal cancer and a liposomal­

based all­trans­retinoic acid (ATRA) tretinoin in phase II to treat

acute promyelocytic leukemia and hormone­refractory prostate can­

cer are underway. EndoTAG­1, PTX embedded in a cationic lipo­

some, is in phase II trials to treat advanced triple­negative breast

cancer and pancreatic cancer. LEP­ETU (liposome­ entrapped pacli­

taxel easy­to­use) as typical another form of PTX, is in phase I/II

trials. Additionally, DOPC is a recently developed neutral liposome