“9.61x6.69” b2815 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics
Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics 253
Raman imaging, etc. Therefore, there are many different combinations
of nanoscale theranostic agents. For example, for better therapeutic
planning, many research teams have developed imagingguided PTT/
PDT with the help of nanotheranostic agents.335–338 Recently, graphene
oxides modified with iron oxide nanoparticles (GO–IONP) as a nan
otheranostic agent have been developed to diagnose and treat regional
lymph nodes (RLN) metastasis of pancreatic cancer.^339 The GO–IONP
showed powerful ability of dualmodality mapping of regional lym
phatic system by MRI, as well as dark color of agent providing valuable
information that was instrumental for the surgeon in making the pre
operative plan before operation and to intraoperatively distinguish
RLN from surrounding tissue. Under the guidance of dualmodality
mapping, the metastatic lymph nodes including abdominal nodes
could be effectively ablated by NIR irradiation with an incision opera
tion. Similar nanotheranostic platforms constructed by manganese
oxidecoated CNTs as dualmodality lymph mapping agents was
applied for PTT of tumor metastasis.^340 Nanoscale ultrasound contrast
agents with drugs, genes or functional nanomaterials as payloads could
serve as efficient theranostics systems. For instance, DOX loaded per
fluoropentane (PFP) nanoemulsion using a biodegradable block
copolymerpoly PEG–PLLA was constructed.^341 Upon intravenous
injection into mice, DOX–PFP nanoemulsions could selectively extrav
asate into the tumor sites, producing a strong durable ultrasound con
trast via PFP evaporation to form nanomicrobubbles. In the meantime,
DOX was released from those nanomicrobubble under ultrasound
irradiation to offer significant chemotherapeutic efficacy.
7. Conclusion
At present, the rapid development of nanotechnology provides pow
erful means for the cancer theranostic. The preclinical animal experi
ments have demonstrated that nanotheranostic systems can lead to an
enhancement of treatment options, leading to truly personalized
medicine. Despite all of the advantages of nanomaterialbased sys
tems, there is always room for further improvements in this field. The
toxicity of the nanomaterial carriers is always a major concern when
