According to Koomen et al.,^90 “the development of personalized cancer care has
several goals that impact current and future patients: (1) identify needs of the
individual patient, (2) identify biomarkers to predict needs and risks, (3) develop
and implement methods for minimally invasive patient sampling, (4) match the
right treatment to each patient, (5) improve the performance of clinical trials
through molecular profiling, and (6) raise the standard care by partnering with
other hospitals and clinical care centers” (see also Fig. 2 ). Having all translational
data such as patient’s diagnosis, staging, and omics profiles, a physician at the bed
can assess a patient’s prognosis and determine optimal therapy. Koomen
et al. discussed this strategy 5 years ago, and it is now applied in the personalized
treatment of several cancer patients.
The combination of LCM and RPPA is a mostly used technique for the analysis
of the status of several cancer patients who are treated with a combination of
(monoclonal) antibodies and small molecular weight kinase inhibitors. The most
frequent target for antibody binding is the surface protein EGFR. Antibodies
against EGFR and antigens with similar function were used for treatment and
profiling of metastases in several cancer types (see above). The next member of
EGFR family is human epidermal factor receptor 2 (HER2). This surface protein is
important as both biomarker and target for antibody treatment of HER2 positive
human breast cancer.^91
Parallel to the LCM-RPPA strategy, IMS is increasingly used for personalized
patient profiling. This technology is still burdened by the failure of SELDI-TOF
mass spectrometry method that was enthusiastically recommended in early time for
early biomarker detection, especially for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.^92 How-
ever, the application of newly developed strategies for identification of over- or
Table 1 (continued)
Respiratory diseases Teran LM, Montes-Vizuet R, Li A, Franz T (2014) Respiratory
Proteomics: From Descriptive Studies to Personalized Medicine. J
Proteome Res doi:10.1021/pr500935s
Space flight Schmidt MA, Goodwin TJ (2013) Personalized medicine in human
space flight: using Omics based analyses to develop individualized
countermeasures that enhance astronaut safety and performance.
Metabolomics 9:1134–1156
Wound healing Taverna D, Pollins AC, Sindona G, Caprioli RM, Nanney LB
(2014) Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Assessing Cutaneous
Wound Healing: Analysis of Pressure Ulcers. J Proteome Res doi:
10.1021/pr5010218(^90) Koomen et al. ( 2008 ), pp. 1780–1794.
(^91) Masuda and Yamada ( 2014 ), pp. 651–657; Imami et al. ( 2012 ), pp. 1741–1757.
(^92) Petricoin et al. (2002b), pp. 1576–1578.
The Role of Proteomics in Personalized Medicine 197