the “omics” are useful tools to (1) more thoroughly describe the biological response
of humans in space, (2) describe molecular attributes of individual astronauts that
alter the risk profile prior to entering the space environment, (3) deploy “omics
“techniques in the development of personalized countermeasures, and (4) develop a
comprehensive omics-based assessment and countermeasure platform that will
guide human space flight in the future. The approach is focused on understanding
individual astronaut profiles and on developing countermeasures that optimize the
astronaut’s ability to participate at highest functional level. Proteomics is consti-
tutive methodology of omics; however, only a limited number of proteomic studies
of human samples after space journey or after simulated low-gravity and/or high-
radiation environment have been published. Most of them, like Pastushkova
et al.,^186 analyzed the urine proteome in order to understand kidney function at
lowered gravity. It can be expected that omics profiling should serve as the
foundation for aerospace medicine and research, explore methodological consider-
ations to advance the field, and suggest why personalized medicine may become the
standard of care for humans in space.^187
6 Concluding Remarks
So-called personalized health care solutions that are intensively discussed in the last
10 years request intensive learning and personalized evaluation about each indi-
vidual at the molecular level.^188 Actually it means the complete analysis of genome
and transcriptome and a broad proteomics and metabolomic investigation, as
demonstrated by Chen et al.^189 New high-throughput developments in genomics,
proteomics, and metabolomics technologies and advances in statistical analysis of
collected data enable the acquirement of very large quantity of information and
detection of new biomarker candidates from a large number of individuals. These
tools combined with new above-discussed strategies will be used in personalized
medicine to predict risk for development of particular disease, as well as risk of
severity of this disease. “Omics” data have also great potential to guide the design,
choice, and prioritization of the treatment to follow patient’s recovery, and to worn
the treating physician in a case of unexpected complications.^190
(^186) Pastushkova et al. ( 2013 ), p. e71652.
(^187) Nicholson ( 2006 ), pp. 2067–2068.
(^188) Nicholson ( 2006 ), pp. 2067–2068.
(^189) Chen et al. ( 2012 ), pp. 1293–1307.
(^190) Caseiro et al. ( 2013 ), pp. 188–199; Rahbar et al. ( 2011 ), pp. 45–57.
210 D. Josic ́and U. Andjelkovic ́