Porter G (2010) The drafting history of the European biotechnology directive. In: Plomer A,
Torremans P (eds) Embryonic stem cell patents – European patent law and ethics. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, pp 3–26
Porter G, Denning C, Plomer A et al (2006) The patentability of human embryonic stem cells in
Europe. Nat Biotechnol 24:653–655
Rabesandratana T (2014) E.U. Commission rejects plea to block stem cell research funding.http://
news.sciencemag.org/europe/2014/05/e-u-commission-rejects-plea-block-stem-cell-research-
funding. Accessed 12 June 2015
Rathjen PD, Lake J et al (1998) Properties and uses of embryonic stem cells: prospects for
application to human biology and gene therapy. Reprod Fertil Dev 10(1):31–47
Saunders E, Mutabžija J (2004) Patentability, ordre public and morality: the case of inventions
involving human embryonic stem cells an EU, US and Australian perspective. Intellect Prop
Forum 59:14–34
Scott A (1999) The Dutch challenge to the bio-patenting directive. Eur Intellect Prop Rev 21
(4):212–215
Sterckx S, Cockbain J (2010) Assessing the morality of the commercial exploitation of the
inventions concerning uses of human embryos and the relevance of moral complicity: com-
ments on the EPO’s WARF decision. SCRIPTed 7(1):83–103
Torremans P (2010) The construction of the directive’s moral exclusions under the EPC. In:
Plomer A, Torremans P (eds) Embryonic stem cell patents – European patent law and ethics.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 141–171
Triller Vrtovec K, Vrtovec Vrtovec B (2007) Is totipotency of a human cell a sufficient reason to
exclude its patentability under the European law? Stem Cells 25(12):3026–3028
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2005) Human
cloning: ethical issues. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001359/135928e.pdf.
Accessed 22 June 2015
Webber PM (2005) Patentability of human embryonic cells under the EPC. Bio-Science Law Rev
6(3):231–245
Wilmut I (2007) Embryo stem cells from parthenotes and embryos produced by nuclear transfer:
the distinction between them and their potential value in cell therapy. Cloning Stem Cells 9
(3):291–292
Embryonic Stem Cell Patents and Personalized Medicine in the European Union 79