Resistant Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease

Table 5.2

Contemporary longitudinal studies reporting renal, cardiovascular, or mortality events for resistant hypertension with and without CKD

1st author [Ref]

Year

Country

Number

Age (years)

a

eGFR

a

ABPM

RH definition

Mean/median follow-up (years)

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for resistant compared to nonresistant hypertensionRenal events

CV events

All-

cause

mortality

Note

Pierdomenico [^13

]

2005

Italy

742

61 ± 12

1.04 ± 0.4

b

Ye s

1

4.9

NR

2.94(1.02–8.41)

1

Salles [

14

]

2008

Brazil

556

65.8 ± 11.2

1.1 ± 0.5

b

Ye s

1

4.8

NR

1.88(0.93–3.80)

2.00(1.12–3.55)

2

De Nicola [

15

]

2011

Italy

300

67.3 ± 11.3

41 ± 16.6

Ye s

2

3.1

1.85(1.13–3.03)

NR

NR

3,4

Salles [

16

]

2011

Brazil

531

68.5 ± 12

106(82–133)

c

Ye s

1

4.9

NR

4.64(2.15–10.02)

2.90(1.52–5.52)

5,6

Daugherty [

12

]

2012

United States

18,036

60.6(60.2–60.9)

NR

No

1

3.8

NR

1.47(1.32–1.62)

NR

7,8

De Nicola [

17

]

2013

Italy

436

68.2 ± 10.9

30.2 ± 5.9

Ye s

2

4.8

2.66(1.62–4.37)

1.98(1.14–3.43)

NR

3, 9

Irvin [

18

]

2013

United States

14,522

67.6 ± 8.6

NR

No

1

6

NR

1.69(1.27–2.24)

1.29(1.14–1.46)

10,11

Muntner [

19

]

2014

North America

14,684

66.6 ± 7.5

72.5 ± 18.9

No

1

4.9

1.95(1.11–3.41)

1.46(1.29–1.64)

1.30(1.11–1.52)

12,2

Sim [

20

]

2015

United States

470,386

64(56–73)

74(59–88)

No

1

<5

1.32(1.27–1.37)

1.24(1.20–1.28)

1.06(1.03–1.08)

11,13

Thomas [

11

]

2016

United States

3367

60.6 ± 9.2

38.9 ± 13.7

No

3

<5

1.28(1.11–1.46)

1.48(1.28–1.72)

1.24(1.06–1.45)

12

Kaboré [

21

]

2016

France

1629

75.1 ± 5.6

74 ± 17.0

No

1

4

2.78(1.33–5.81)2.91(1.49–5.70)

NR

NR

14