Surgeons as Educators A Guide for Academic Development and Teaching Excellence

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efficiency, tissue handling, and instrument and camera awareness [ 79 ]. However,
the reality of blood loss and hemorrhage is not available with this model and poses
a weakness to its use—especially for a model examining a procedure like partial
nephrectomy.

Fig. 24.7 Patient-specific VR simulator [ 50 ]

24 Simulation in Surgery