Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses

care. One way to define pain is an uncomfortable feeling, but this definition is

problematic because it is too broad and other concepts, such as itching, could

be defined the same way. Therefore, concepts must be described, understood,

and communicated so they can be used for building theory (Risjord, 2009).

Concept analyses provide for the exploration of the attributes and characteristics

of a concept (Walker & Avant, 2010). Specific steps for concept analyses have

been described (Walker & Avant, 2010). Understanding

these steps can assist nurses in evaluating concept analyses

for application to theories and evidence-based practice

(EBP). The author of the concept analysis should begin by

clearly stating the aims of the analysis. The contribution

of the concept analysis to research and practice should be

clearly described. Assumptions made about the concept

may also be presented and may assist in understanding

Does the introduction focus on a specific area of practice?

Is the purpose of the case study appropriate?

Does the background literature clearly indicate a literature gap

that this case study fills?

Are multiple sources of evidence from the literature included?

If appropriate, is a theoretical framework presented for the case

study?

Is the case history presented clearly?

Is the process of clinical care clearly described?

Are outcomes identified?

Are all appropriate history, process, and outcome elements

included?

Does the discussion address the case in the context of what

is known, offering rationale for successful and unsuccessful

outcomes?

Are appropriate implications for practice provided?

Are specific suggestions for future research delineated?

Is the case study presented clearly?

Is the case study presented logically?

BOX 12-1 Criteria for Evaluating a Case Study

Consider the last time that you read a case study. How did the study enhance your

understanding of the situation? How did the case study strengthen your theory about an issue?

How did it clarify clinical processes and outcomes for you?

CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISE 12-1

FYI

The pyramid of the 5 Ss is an organizing

framework explaining the importance and

contribution of various levels of information

to evidence-based healthcare delivery. The

5 Ss are: studies, syntheses, synopses, sum-

maries, and systems.

312 CHAPTER 12 Other Sources of Evidence