Introduction- Does the introduction demonstrate the need for the study?
- Is the problem clearly and concisely identified?
- Is the problem presented with enough background material to acquaint the reader with the
importance of the problem? - Is the purpose of the study clearly stated?
- Are the terms and variables relevant to the study clearly defined?
- Are the assumptions clearly and simply stated?
- If appropriate to the design, are hypotheses stated?
- Does the study use a theoretical framework to guide its design?
Review of the Literature - Is the review of the literature (ROL) relevant to the problem?
- Is the ROL adequate in terms of the range and scope of ideas, opinions, and points of view
relevant to the problem? - Is the ROL well organized and synthesized?
- Does the ROL provide for critical appraisal of the contribution of each of the major references?
- Does the ROL conclude with a summary of the literature with implications for the study?
- Is the ROL adequately and correctly documented?
Methods - Is the research approach appropriate?
- Was the protection of human subjects considered?
- Are the details of data collection clearly and logically presented?
- Are the instrument(s) appropriate for the study both in terms of the problem and the approach?
- Are the instrument(s) described sufficiently in terms of content, structure, validity, and reliability?
- Is the population and the method for selecting the sample adequately described?
- Is the method for selection of the sample appropriate?
- Is the sample size sufficient?
- Is attrition of sample reported and explained?
- Does the design have controls at an acceptable level for the threats to internal validity?
- What are the limits to generalizability in terms of external validity?
Results - Is the presentation of data clear?
- Are the characteristics of the sample described?
- Was the best method(s) of analysis selected?
- Are the tables, charts, and graphs pertinent?
Discussion - Are the results based on the data presented?
- Is the evidence sufficient to draw conclusions?
- Are the results interpreted in the context of the problem/purpose, hypothesis, and theoretical
framework/literature reviewed? - Are the conclusions and generalizations clearly stated?
- Are the limitations of the findings clearly delineated?
- Are the generalizations within the scope of the findings or beyond the findings?
- Does the study contribute to nursing knowledge?
BOX 15-1 Questions to Consider When Appraising Nursing Studies
406 CHAPTER 15 Weighing In on the Evidence