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» Outcomes can be classified by focusing on who is to be measured: individuals, groups, or
organizations. They can also be grouped as care-related, patient-related, and performance-
related. They also may be classified according to time: short term, intermediate, and long
term.
» Outcomes that demonstrate the effectiveness of nursing care are known as nursing-sensitive
outcomes.
» Indicators specify how the outcome should be measured. Usually, quantitative measures are
used.
» Four major factors should be considered in regard to outcomes: patient populations, team
selection, organizational priorities, and mandated reporting.
» Outcomes may be derived from a variety of sources such as NOC, clinical practice guidelines,
standards of care, and Forces of Magnetism. CQI and benchmarking are processes that involve
outcome evaluation.
» Conclusions are best drawn when outcomes are clearly defined, data are carefully collected,
and findings are compared to baseline data. Considerations should be given to possible ex-
traneous variables.
» Ethical issues can concern selection of the sample, data collection, and reporting.References 485