1.3 How Has Nursing Evolved
as a Science?
At the end of this section, you will be able to:
‹ Describe the cycle of scientific development
‹ Identify historical occurrences that shaped the development of nursing as a scienceNursing has been described as both an art and a science. Historically, the em-
phasis was more on the art than the science. But as nursing has developed, the
emphasis has shifted. We propose that nursing is the artful use of science to
promote the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities.
Thus, nursing is based on scientific evidence that provides the framework for
practice. The art of nursing is the blending of science with caring to create a
therapeutic relationship in which holistic care is delivered. The profession of
nursing is entering a new era in which the emphasis is on EBP, therefore reaf-
firming the importance of science in nursing.
Cycle of Scientific Development
To fully appreciate nursing as a science, an understanding of the history of
research in nursing is necessary. Although a grasp of history is important, it
can be confusing when one focuses on a list of events and dates to memorize.
Instead, by focusing on the what and why of historical occurrences instead of
the when, the evolution of nursing as a science will be more clear.
Nursing has developed in a similar fashion to other sciences. Figure 1-4
depicts the cycle of scientific development. Scientists begin by developing
grand theories to explain phenomena. A grand theory is a broad general-
ization that describes, explains, and predicts occurrences that take place
around us. Research is then conducted to test these theories and to discover
new knowledge. Conferences and publications result from the need to dis-
seminate research findings. Findings are applied to patient care, resulting
in changes in practice, and are used to refine established theories and pro-
pose new ones. This cycle repeats, building the science as new discoveries
are made. Political and social factors are central to the cycle in that they
channel research priorities, funding, and opportunities for dissemination of
findings.
KEY TERM
cycle of scientific
development:
A model of the
scientific process1.3 How Has Nursing Evolved as a Science? 23