case reports or series, 205
case studies, 232
defined, 272, 274, 310–311, 310f
qualitative data, collecting, 272
studies, in pyramid of eviden, 309–310, 310f
categorical data level of measurement, 261
causal hypotheses, associative hypotheses vs., 79, 79f
causal relationships
directional hypotheses, 80
hypotheses, in, 79, 79f
research question, example for, 81t
simple/complex, 79f, 80
causality
experimental designs, 150
quantitative designs, 150
CDC trends positive influenza test, 203, 203f
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
(CMS), 473
health outcome information website, 475t
mandated reports, 477
change
agent, innovator as, 451
anchoring, in change phases model, 441
defined, 435
making change happen, 438–441, 439f
others, engaging in, 436–438, 436b
phases model, 438, 439f
practice environment, assessment of, 436b
stakeholder involvement, 441–443, 442b
Chi square statistic, 364t, 365–366
CINAHL. See Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied
Health Literature
CINAHL Headings, 114
CINL. See Cumulative Index to Nursing Literature
citations
chasing, as search strategy, 110
databases, 108
ethics of, 123–125
Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL), 455
clinical pathways, and change, 438
clinical practice guidelines (CPGs)
evaluation of, instrument for, 414–416
explained, 414
practice settings, use of, 417–418
clinical problems guide research questions
clinical experience, 71
current nursing theories, 72–73
national initiatives, 73–74
nursing research problems, identification of,
69–70, 70f
previous research, 71–72
problem of interest, narrowing, 74–75
problem solving, nursing process, and research
process, 75–76
problem statements, developing, 76b–77b
professional literature, 71
clinically significant statistics, definition of, 413b
cluster sampling, 293–294
CNL. See Clinical Nurse Leader
coalitions, development of, 440–441
Cochrane, Archie, 4, 53
Cochrane Center, 4, 53
Cochrane Collaboration
establishment of, 53
evidence, ranking, 411–412
subject-specific databases, 117t
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 411
Cochrane Library
electronic databases, advanced searches of,
114–116
literature search, 320
subject-specific databases, 117t
synopses of evidence, searching for, 314–315, 320
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
(ANA), 464–465
coding, for data management, 380–383
coefficient of variation, 347–348
coercion, 305
cohort comparison studies, 163
cohort studies, 210–212, 407
collaboration levels
individual nurse level, 44–46, 46b
international level, 53–54
model of EBP levels of collaboration, 43–44, 44f
national level, 51–52
organizational level, 47–50, 48f
regional level, 50–51, 51t
colors for posters, 497
Commission on Nursing Research, 55
communication, as characteristic of innovators,
452–453, 462, 463f, 464
community-based participatory action research
(CBPR), 186
community health, as focus of nursing
research, 25
comparative design, defined, 182
comparative evaluation/decision making
phase of Stetler model, 427–431, 428f–429f
comparison of interest, in PICOT model, 85
competence boundaries, in qualitative research, 397tINDEX 533