divergent testing
construct validity, testing for, 265t, 267
defined, 267
DNP degree. See Doctor of Nursing Practice
degree
Dock, Lavinia, 24
Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree, 30
doctoral programs in nursing, 455
double-blind experimental designs, 160
E
early adopters, defined, 13
EBP. See evidence-based practice
ecologic fallacy, 206
ecologic studies, 205–206
effect size (ES), 300
effects of selection, defined, 160
electronic indexes, 106
electronic medical record (EMR), 231
elements, defined, 285, 286
emic perspective, defined, 238
empirical evidence, defined, 18
empirical indicators, defined, 136
empirical testing
defined, 81
questions, framing for, 75
EMR. See electronic medical record
endemic, defined, 203
endemic diseases, 195
EPCs. See Evidence-based Practice Centers
epidemic, defined, 210
epidemiologic designs
analytic study designs, 208
case-control studies, 209–210
cohort studies, 210–212
intervention studies, 212
chapter objectives and key terms, 192
descriptive epidemiology, 200
person, 200–201, 201t
place, 201, 201t
time, 201–204, 201t
descriptive study designs, 203
case reports or series, 204
cross-sectional studies, 203–208
ecologic studies, 205–206
disease frequency, measures of, 197–200
epidemiologic measures, 197–198
prevalence and incidence, 198–200
epidemiology and nursing, 193–194
ethics, 216–217
health outcomes and services, evaluation of, 215–216
infectious diseases and outbreak investigations,
195–196
learning, applying, 218
rapid review, 217–218
screening, 213–215
epidemiologic measures, 197–198
epidemiologic triangle, 195f
epidemiology, 193
defined, 194
equivalence, as attribute of reliability, 268, 269t
error, reducing
hypotheses, decisions about, 355–357
making type I and type II errors, 357–358
type I and type II errors, 357–360, 358t
ethics
beneficence, 58
dilemmas encountered during change, 443–444
EBP research questions, 84–86
evidence and agency policy, conflicts between, 417–418
evidence, other sources of, 324
guidelines for ethical research, 55–59, 56b, 57 t
institutional review boards, 56, 59–63
internal and external validity, 166
justice, 58–59
nurses as patient advocates, 63–64
qualitative research
designs, 243–244, 244b
issues in, 396, 397t, 398
quantitative designs, 188–189
in research, 34–36
respect for persons, 57–58
samples, using to provide evidence, 303–303, 305
statistical analyses, conducting, 372b, 372f
testing protocols, dilemmas in, 482
ethnography, 253, 272t, 275
data collection and management, 232, 234–235,
238–239, 242–243
defined, 231, 231t, 236
method, 232
nursing research examples, 233
overview of, 231
philosophical underpinnings, 231–232
questions to ask, examples of, 239t
Ethnography and Institutional Review Boards, 398
ethnonursing, 237
ethnoscience, 237
etic perspective, defined, 238536 INDEX