Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses

randomized controlled trials, characteristics of, 172–173
Solomon four-group designs, 173t, 174–175
truncation, in searching electronic databases, 113
trust in qualitative research, ethics of, 397t
trustworthiness
confirmability, 392, 393b, 394, 395
credibility, 392, 393b, 394
defined, 392
dependability, 392, 393b, 395
qualitative data, establishing for, 392–396
strategies for meeting criteria, 395
transferability, 393t, 394
Tuskegee studies
beneficence, lacking, 58
described, 34–35
justice, lacking, 58
two-group posttest-only design, 173t, 174
two-group pretest-posttest designs, 173–174, 173t
type I errors
defined, 357
null hypotheses, 357–358, 358f
risk of making, adjusting, 358–361, 359f–360f
type II errors
defined, 357
internal validity, 158
null hypotheses, 357–358, 358f
risk of making, adjusting, 358–361, 359f–360f

U

uncertainty, about evidence, 403, 404
ungrouped data, 333, 334, 335t
unimodal data, defined, 337, 338
unintentional plagiarism, 124
univariate analysis, 332
University of Iowa College of Nursing, 474
University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics at Iowa City, 51t
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 51t
University of Texas at San Antonio, 51t
unstructured observation of qualitative data, 274
urgency, sense of, in change phases model, 438,
439–440, 439f
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 214, 410
U.S. Surgeon General’s Office, 73

V

validation phase of Stetler model, 428, 428f–429f

validity

construct validity, 264, 265t, 266–268

content validity, 264–266, 265t

criterion-related validity, 264, 265t, 266

defined, 264

external validity, 158–161

internal validity, 155–158

and reliability, 267–270, 269t

measurement error, 263–264

types of, 155

variables

number of, and sample size, 299

relationships and differences, explaining and

predicting, 150

research, special language of, 132–133

vision, in change phases model, 440, 441

visual analog scale

defined, 258

quantitative research data collection, 258, 259f

vulnerable population in samples, ethics of, 303, 304

W

Wald, Lillian, 24

Walter Reed Institute of Research, 25

Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, 25

Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26

wheel of professionalism in nursing, 462, 463f

WHI. See Women’s Health Initiative

Wilcoxin matched pairs test, 367

wildcards, in searching electronic databases, 113, 114

Willowbrook studies

beneficence, lacking, 58

described, 35

justice, lacking, 58–59

respect for persons, lack of, 57–58

within-groups design, 154

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 164

World Health Organization, 412

worthiness of project in qualitative research, ethics of, 397t

Y

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 164

Z

z scores, 347

INDEX 551