170 J.C. van Lenteren
Table 11.1.Continued.
Natural enemy (endemic/exotic) Pest (endemic/exotic) In use since
Oriusspp. (en, ex) F. occidentalis/T. tabaci(ex, en)
Orius albidipennis(en) 1991
Orius insidiosus(ex) 1991
Orius laevigatus(en) 1995
Orius majusculus(en) 1991
Orius minutus(en) 1991
Orius tristicolor(ex) 1995
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus(en) Whiteflies (ex) 1997
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita(en) Snails (en) 1994
Phytoseiulus longipes(ex) Tetranychus urticae(en) 1990
Phytoseiulus persimilis(ex) Tetranychus urticae(en) 1968
Picromerus bidens(en) Lepidoptera (en) 1990
Podisus maculiventris(ex ?) Lepidoptera (en) 1996
Leptinotarsa decemlineata(ex) 1996
Praon volucre(en) Aphids (en) 1990
Pseudaphycus angelicus(ex) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990
Pseudaphycus flavidulus(en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990
Pseudaphycus maculipennis(en) Pseudococcusspp. (en) 1980
Rhyzobius chrysomeloides (ex) Matsococcus feytaudi (ex) 1997
Rhyzobius(Lindorus)lophanthae(ex) Diaspididae (en, ex),
Pseudalacapsis pentagona 1980
Rodolia cardinalis(ex) Icerya purchasi(ex) 1990
Rumina decollata(en) Snails (en) 1990
Scolothrips sexmaculatus(en) Mites, thrips (en, ex) 1990
Scutellista caerulea (cyanea) (ex) Coccidae (en, ex) 1990
Scymnus rubromaculatus(en) Aphids (en) 1990
SpodopteraNPVirus (en) Spodoptera exigua(ex) 1994
Steinernema carpocapsae(en) Otiorrhynchus sulcatusand other spp. (en) 1984
Steinernema feltiae(en) Sciaridae and other spp. (en) 1984
Stethorus punctillum(en) Mites (en) 1995
Stratiolaelaps miles(en) Sciaridae,Rhizoglyphus echinopus (en) 1994
Sympherobiussp. (en) Pseudococcidae (en, ex) 1990
Therodiplosis(=Feltiella)persicae(en) Mites in open fields (en) 1990
Thripobius semiluteus(ex) Thrips (ex) 1995
Trichogramma brassicae(en) Lepidoptera, several spp. (en) 1980
Trichogramma cacoeciae(en) Lepidoptera, orchards, several spp. (en) 1980
Trichogramma dendrolimi(en) Lepidoptera, orchards, several spp. (en) 1985
Trichogramma evanescens(en) Ostrinia nubilalisin maize (en) 1975
Lepidoptera in greenhouses (en, ex) 1992
Typhlodromus pyri(en) Mites in apple, pear, grapes (en) 1985
Verticillium lecanii(en) Whitefly/aphids (ex, en) 1990
*Small market products.
en, endemic: occurs in European Union countries; ex, exotic: originates from outside European Union
countries, but may have been in Europe for 50 years or more; NPVirus, nucleopolyhedrovirus.
aEncarsiawas already used for biological control of whitefly between 1926 and 1945. Its use was
terminated when synthetic pesticides became popular.
The commercial availability of natural
enemies is changing continuously, although
several of the larger producers have been on
the market for a period of 30 years now,
which guarantees the permanent presence of
the most important agents. Updated versions
of commercially available biological control
organisms, companies and suppliers are