Monteverde : Ecology and Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest

Table 9.12. Ion deposition in bulk precipitation (BP).

Ion BP

Deposition

(kg/ha/yr)

CW BP + CW

Tp + gT percentage

(kg/ha/yr) Net Retention

H+

N0 3 --N

NH 4 +-N

PO 43 -P

K+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Na+

0.32

1.7

1.7

0.05

3.0

5.8

2.4

20.9

0.17

1.7

1.7

0.02

2.2

2.4

3.2

22.9

0.49

3.4

3.4

0.07

5.2

8.7

5.6

43.8

0.04

0.6

1.4

0.50

66.8

26.1

8.6

43.8

92 ± 2

82 ±6

61 ± 6

-614 ± 149

-1185 ± 69

-200 ± 26

-54 ± 18

0 ± 12

Data were estimated ion deposition in cloud water and mist (CW) using Na+ mass

balance to calculate ion deposition to the canopy, the sum of BP and CW, ion fluxes

in throughfall and stemflow (TF + ST), and percentage net retention of ions by the

canopy (mean ± 1 SE).

Table 9.13. Volume weighted mean pH and ion concentrations in bulk precipitation (BP) at tropical
premontane and tropical montane forest sites in Central and northern South America.

Ion Concentration (mg/liter)

Location pH NCV-N NKL+-N K+ Ca2+ Mg^2

aVeneklaas 1990 (sites at 2550 m and 3370 m elevation).
bSteinhardt and Fassbender 1979 (2300 m elevation).
GThis chapter (1480 m elevation, values for BCWP and BP).
dMcDowell et al. 1990 (400 m elevation, NO 3 '-N and NH 4 +-N for wet-only deposition).
eHendry et al. 1984 (650 m elevation).

Na+

Santa Rosa de Cabal, Colombiaa

San Eusebio, Venezuela^13
Monteverde, Costa Ricac

El Verde, Puerto Ricod
Turrialba, Costa Rica^6

4.40

4.39

4.55

4.88

5.00

5.14

5.34

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

0.09

0.05

0.04

0.02

0.86

0.77

n.d.

0.09

0.05

0.02

0.05

0.034

0.033

n.d.

0.002

0.002

0.001

0.004

0.38

0.48

0.17

0.14

0.09

0.09

0.11

0.48

0.51

0.36

0.22

0.18

0.34

0.06

0.15

0.17

0.33

0.16

0.07

0.22

0.04

1.14

1.10

0.21

1.23

0.63

1.63

0.25

Table 9.14. Comparison of precepitation at selected tropical montane forest sites.

Location

Pu'u La'au, Hawaiia

Jalapa, Mexico*^5

Altotonga, Mexicob

Serrania de Macuira, Colombia^0

Teziutlan, Mexicob

Tortutla, Mexicob

Cordillera Central, Panamad

Santa Ana, Venezuela^0

Monteverde, Costa Rica^6

Cordillera Central, Panamad

Cerro Copey, Venezuela^0

Cordillera Central, Panamad

Precipitation Cloud water and %

Depth (mm) Precipitation Depth (mm)

257

597

746

853

942

1082

1495

1630

3191

3630

4461

5696

98

125

166

796

159

339

2295

522

886

1130

458

448

38

21

22

93

17

31

154

32

28

31

10

8

Precipitation depth data were collected with standard rain gauges; additional cloud water and precipitation

depth data were collected with ASRC or Nageltype collectors. Cloud water and precipitation data are expressed

as percentage of precipitation at selected tropical montane forest sites.

ajuvik and Nullet 1995.

bVogelmannl973.

°Cavelier and Goldstein 1989.

dCavelier et al. 1996 (three separate locations).

eThis chapter.

Po3-4P