Edwards, P. J., and P. J. Grubb. 1977. Studies of mineral
cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. I. The
distribution of organic matter in the vegetation and
soil. Journal of Ecology 65: 943-969.
Ewel, J., C. Barish, B. Brown, N. Price, and J. Raich. 1981.
Slash and burn impacts on a Costa Rica wet forest site.
Ecology 62:816-829.
Exell, A. W. 1944. Catalogue of the vascular plants of San
Tome. British Museum, London.
Falconer, R., and P. Falconer. 1980. Determination of cloud
water acidity at a mountain obervatory in the Adiron-
dack Mountains of New York State. Journal of Geo-
physical Research. 85:7465-7470.
Fassbender, H.W., and V. Grimm. 1981. Ciclos bioquimicos
en un ecosistema forestal de los Andes Occidentales
de Venezuela. II. Produccion y descompsicion de los
residues vegetales. Turrialba 31:39-47.
Foster, D. R., and E. R. Boose. 1995. Hurricane disturbance
regimes in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems.
Pages 305-339 in M. P. Coutts and J. Grace, editors.
Wind and trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Fowler, D., J. Cape, I. Leith, T. Choularton, M. Gay, and A.
Jones. 1988. The influence of altitude on rainfall com-
position at Great Dun Fell. Atmospheric Environment
22:1355-1362.
Garcia Yazquez-Yanes, C. 1985. Presencia de micorrizas
vesiculo-arbusculares en especies de Piper de Los
Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Biotica 10: 223-228.
Gill, A. M. 1969. The ecology of an elfin forest in Puerto
Rico, 6. Aerial roots. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum
50:197-209.
Ginzburg, C. 1967. Origin of the adventitious root apex in
Tamarix aphylla. American Journal of Botany 54:4-8.
Gleason, H. A., and M. T. Cook. 1927. Plant ecology of Porto
Rico. I and II. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the
Virgin Islands 7:1-173.
Gomez-Pompa, A. 1973. Ecology of the vegetation of
Veracruz. Pages 37-52 in A. Graham, editor. Vege-
tation and vegetational history of northern Latin
America. Elsevier, New York.
Gordon, C. A., R. Herrera, and T. Hutchinson. 1994. Stud-
ies of fog events at two cloud forests near Caracas,
Venezuela—I. Frequency and duration of fog. Atmo-
spheric Environment 28:317-322.
Grace, J. 1977. Plant response to wind. Academic Press,
New York.
Grubb, P. J. 1977. Control of forest growth and distribution
on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to
mineral nutrition. Annual Review of Ecology and Sys-
tematics 8:83-107.
Grubb, P. J., and P. J. Edwards. 1982. Studies of mineral
cycling in a montane rain forest in New Guinea. III.
The distribution of mineral elements in the above-
ground material. Journal of Ecology 70:623-648.
Grubb, P. J., Lloyd, J. R., Pennington, T. D. A., and Whitmore,
T. C. 1963. A comparison of montane and lowland rain
forest in Ecuador. I. The forest structure, physiognomy,
and floristics. Journal of Ecology 51:567-601.
Halle, F., R. A. A. Oldeman, and P. B. Tomlinson. 1978.
Tropical trees and forests: an architectural analysis.
Springer, New York.
Hartmann, H. T., and D. E. Kester. 1975. Plant propagation:
principles and practices (3rd ed.) Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Hartshorn, G. 1990. An overview of neotropical forest dy-
namics. Pages 585-599 in A. H. Gentry, editor. Four
neotropical rainforests. Yale University Press, New
Haven, Connecticut.
. 1980. Neotropical forest dynamics. Biotropica
12(Suppl.):23-30.
Heaney, A., and Proctor, J. 1990. Preliminary studies on
forest structure and floristics on Volcan Barva, Costa
Rica. Journal of Tropical Ecology 6:307-320.
Hendry, C. D., C. Barrish, and E. Edgerton. 1984. Preci-
pitation chemistry at Turrialba, Costa Rica. Water Re-
sources Research 20:1677-1684.
Herwitz, S. 1991. Above-ground adventitious roots and
stemflow chemistry of Ceratopetalum virchowii in an
Australian montane tropical rain forest. Biotropica
23:210-218.
Hofstede, R., J. Wolf, and D. Benzing. 1993. Epiphytic bio-
mass and nutrient status of a Colombian upper mon-
tane rain forest. Selbyana 14:37-45.
Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. Tropical Science
Center, San Jose, Costa Rica.
Howard, R. A. 1968. The ecology of an elfin forest in Puerto
Rico, 1. Introduction and composition studies. Jour-
nal of the Arnold Arboretum 49:381-418.. 1969. The ecology of an elfin forest in Puerto Rico.
8. Studies of stem growth and form and of leaf struc-
ture. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50:225-262.
Hubbell, S. J. 1979. Tree dispersion, abundance, and diver-
sity in a tropical dry forest. Science 203: 1299-1309.
Hubbell, S. P., and R. B. Foster. 1986. Biology, chance, and
history and structure of tropical rain forest tree com-
munities. Pages 313-329 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case,
editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New
York.
Ingram, S., and N. Nadkarni. 1993. Composition and distri-
bution of epiphytic organic matter in a neotropical
cloud forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica 25: 370-383.
Jacobi, J. D. 1983. Metrosideros dieback in Hawaii: a com-
parison of adjacent dieback and non-dieback rain for-
est stands. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 6:79-97.
Jaffe, M. J. 1980. Morphogenetic responses of plants to
mechanical stimuli or stress. Bioscience 30: 239—243.
Janos, D. 1980. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae influence
tropical succession. Biotropica 12(Suppl.): 56-64.
. 1993. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of epi-
phytes. Mycorrhiza 4:1-4.
Jenik, J. 1973. Root systems of tropical trees. 8. Stilt-roots
and allied adaptations. Preslia 45:250-264.
Jenny, H., S. P. Gessel and F. T. Bingham. 1949. Compara-
tive study of decomposition rates of organic matter in
temperate and tropical regions. Soil Science 68:419-
432.
Johnson, D., and S. Lindberg. 1992. Atmospheric depo-
sition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems.
Springer, New York.
Juvik, J. O., and D. Nullet. 1995. Relationships between rain-
fall, cloud-water interception, and canopy throughfall
in a Hawaiian montane forest. Pages 102-114 in L. S.
Hamilton, J. Juvik, and F. Scatena, editors. Tropical
montane cloud forests. Springer, New York.
Keeney, D., and Nelson, D. 1982. Nitrogen-inorganic forms.
Pages 643-698 in A. L. Page, editor. Methods of soil analy-
sis, Part 2 (2nd ed.). American Society of Agronomy,
Madison, Wisconsin.
Keller, M., D. Jacob, S. Wofsy, and R. Harriss. 1991. Effects
of tropical deforestation on global and regional atmo-
spheric chemistry. Climatic Change 19:139-158.
Keller, M., E. Veldkamp, A. Weitz, and W. Reiners. 1993.
Pasture age effects on soil-atmosphere trace gas ex-
change in a deforested area of Costa Rica. Nature
365:244-246.
Kellman, M., J. Hudson, and K. Sanmugadas. 1982. Tem-
poral variability in atmospheric nutrient influx to a
tropical ecosystem. Biotropica 14:1-9.
Kinsman, S. 1990. Regeneration by fragmentation in tropi-
cal montane forest shrubs. American Journal of Botany
77:1626-1633.
Knight, D. H. 1975. A phytosociological analysis of spe-
cies-rich tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island,
Panama. Ecological Monographs 45:259—284.
Kollman, F., and W. A. Cote. 1968. Principles of wood sci-
ence technology. I. Solid wood. Springer, New York.
347 Ecosystem Ecology and Forest Dynamics