—. 1992a. Biomass and nutrient dynamics of epiphyte
litterfall in a neotropical cloud forest, Costa Rica.
Biotropica 24:24-30.
-. 1992b. Biomass and nutrient dynamics of fine lit-
ter of terrestrially rooted material in a neotropical
montane forest, Costa Rica. Biotropica 24:113-120.
Nadkarni, N., and R. Primack. 1989. A comparison of min-
eral uptake by above- and below-ground roots of Salix
syringiana using gamma spectrometry. Plant and Soil
113:39-45.
Nadkarni, N., T. Matelson, and W. A. Haber. 1995. Struc-
tural characteristics and floristic composition of a
neotropical cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica. Jour-
nal of Tropical Ecology 11:481-495.
Nelson, D., and L. Sommers. 1980. Total nitrogen analysis
of soil and plant tissues. Journal of the Association of
Analytical Chemistry 63:770-778.
Niklas, K. 1993. Plant biomechanics. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago.
Odum, H. T. 1970. Rain forest structure and mineral cycling
homeostasis. Pages H-7-H-14 in H. T. Odum, editor.
A tropical rain forest. U.S. AEG Division of Technical
Information, Springfield, Virginia.
Olson, J. 1963. Energy storage and the balance of producers
and decomposers in ecological systems. Ecology
44:322-331.
Orians, G. H. 1982. The influence of tree-falls in tropical
forest on tree species richness. Tropical Ecology
23:255-279.
Orndorff, K., and G. Lang. 1981. Leaf litter redistribution
in a West Virginia hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology
69:225-235.
Panshin, A. J., and C. DeZeeuw. 1970. Textbook of wood
technology, Vol. 1, Structure, identification, uses and
properties of the commercial woods of the United
States and Canada. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Parker, G. 1983. Throughfall and stemflow in the forest
nutrient cycle. Advances in Ecological Research 13:57-
133.
Parkinson, J., and S. Allen. 1975. A wet oxidation proce-
dure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and
mineral nutrients in biological material. Communica-
tions in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6:1-11.
Perry, D. 1978. A method of access into the crowns of emer-
gent and canopy trees. Biotropica 10:155-157.
Phillips, J., and D. Hayman. 1970. Improved procedures for
clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for rapid assessment of
infection. Transactions of the British Mycological So-
ciety 55:158-161.
Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White, editors. 1985. The ecol-
ogy of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Aca-
demic Press, New York.
Pike, L. 1978. The importance of lichens in mineral cycling.
The Bryologist 81:247-157.
Pocs, T. 1980. The epiphytic biomass and its effect on the
water balance of two rainforest types in the Uluguru
Mountains. Acta Botanica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae 26:143-167.
Proctor, J. 1983. Tropical forest litterfall. I. Problems of data
comparison. Pages 267-285 in S. Sutton, T. Whitmore,
and A. Chadwick, editors. Tropical rain forest: ecol-
ogy and management. Blackwell, Oxford.
. 1984. Tropical forest litterfall. II. The data set. Pages
83-115 in S. Sutton, T. Whitmore, and A. Chadwick,
editors. Tropical rain forest: The Leeds Symposium.
Blackwell, Oxford.
Proctor, J., M. Anderson, and H. Vallack. 1983. Compara-
tive studies on forests, soils and litterfall at four alti-
tudes on Gunung Mulu, Sarawak. Malaysian Forester
46:60-76.
Putz, F. E. 1983. Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds,
and the importance of soil disturbance to pioneer tree
species on Barro Colorado Island. Ecology 64:1069-
1074.
Putz, F. E., and N. V. L. Brokaw. 1989. Sprouting and of
broken trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecol-
ogy 70:508-512.
Putz, F. E., and N. M. Holbrook. 1989. Strangler fig rooting
habits and nutrient relations in the llano of Venezu-
ela. American Journal of Botany 51: 264-274.
Putz, F., and K. Milton. 1982. Tree mortality rates on Barro
Colorado Island. Pages 95-100 in E. G. Leigh, Jr., A.
S. Rand, and D. M. Windsor, editors. The ecology of a
tropical forest: seasonal rhythms and longterm
changes, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,
D.C.
Richards, P. W. 1952. The tropical rainforest: an ecological
study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ricklefs, R. E. 1977. Environmental heterogeneity and plant
species diversity: a hypothesis. American Naturalist
111:376-381.
Rieley, J., P. Richards, and A. Bebbington. 1979. The eco-
logical role of bryophytes in a North Wales woodland.
Journal of Ecology 67:497-527.
Runkle, J. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth
mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology
63:1533-1546.
Sanford, R. L., Jr. 1987. Apogeotropic roots in an Amazon
rain forest. Science 235:1062-1064.
Schaefer, D. A., and W. A Reiners. 1990. Throughfall chem-
istry and canopy processing mechanisms. Pages 241-
284 in S. E. Lindberg, L. Page, and S. Norton, editors.
Acid precipitation, vol. 3, Sources, deposition and
canopy interactions. Springer, New York.
Seastedt, T. R. 1984. The role of microarthropods in decom-
position and mineralization processes. Annual Review
of Entomology 29:25-46.
Seifriz, W. 1923. The altitudinal distribution of plants on
Mt. Gedeh, Java. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
50:283-305.
. 1953. The oecology of thicket formation. Vegetatio
4:155-164.
Sena Gomes, A. R., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1980. Growth re-
sponses and adaptations of Fraxinus pennsylvanica
seedlings to flooding. Plant Physiology 66:267-271.
Shreve, F. 1914. A montane rain-forest. A contribution to
the physiological plant geography of Jamaica. Publica-
tion No. 109. Carnegie Institution, Washington, D.C.
Shugart, H. H., and D. C. West. 1981. Long-term dynamics
of forest ecosystems. American Scientist 69:647-
652.
Sigmon, J. T., F. S. Gilliam, and M. E. Partin. 1989. Precipi-
tation and throughfall chemistry for a montane hard-
wood forest ecosystem: potential contributions from
cloud water. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
19:1240-1247.
Songwe, N. C., F. E. Fasehun, and D. U. Okali. 1988.
Litterfall and productivity in a tropical rain forest,
Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Journal
of Tropical Ecology 4:25-37.
Sousa, S. M. 1968. Ecologia de las leguminosas de Los
Tuxtlas. Anales del Institute de Biologia, Universidad
Nacional de Mexico, Serie Botanica 39: 121-166.
Steinhardt, U., and H. Fassbender. 1979. Caracteristicas y
composicion quimica de las lluvias de los Andes
occidentales de Venezuela. Turrialba 29: 175-182.
Stewart, G. H., and T. T. Veblen. 1983. Forest instability and
canopy tree mortality in Westland, New Zealand. Pa-
cific Science 37:427-431.
St. John, T. 1980. Uma lista de especies de plantas tropicais
brasileiras naturalmente infectadas com micorriza ve-
sicular-arbuscular. Acta Amazonica 10:229-234.
St. John, T., and C. Uhl. 1983. Mycorrhiza at San Carlos
de Rio Negro, Venezuela. Acta Cientifica Venezuelano
34:233-237.
349 Ecosystem Ecology and Forest Dynamics