Common Bush-Tanager. See
Chlorospingus ophthalmicus
Common Dink Frog. See
Eleutherodactylus diastema
Common Vampire Bat. See
Desmodus rotundus
communication, in Long-tailed
Manakins, 215
community development, 370
community ecology
of birds, 199-201
of mammals, 226-228
community relations, 359-360, 374
competition
among hummingbirds, 216
among pollinators, 253-254, 262
between resident and migrant
birds, 184
composting, 396
Conepatus semistriatus (Striped Hog-
nosed Skunk), 233
Conostegia, 312, 444
conservation, 352, 372-373
of amphibians and reptiles, 169-
170
of birds, 202-203
concepts of, 420-423
by Costa Rican government, 352-
353
failures of, 374, 379, 381
grassroots, 5, 354, 424-428
of insects, 95
of plants, 69, 74, 255-256
problems, 424-428
species inventories, 429
of tapirs, 242
cooling trends, 170
cooperation
in Brown Jays, 189, 212-213
in Long-tailed Manakins, 204-205
Coope Santa Elena, 354-355, 365,
380, 383, 401
copulation, in long-horned beetles,
114
copulatory success, in male birds,
189
Cordillera de Tilaran, 21, 22-23
paleoecology of, 26—27
core zones, 430
Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,
360
corridors, 361, 371, 385, 427, 438
and altitudinal migration, 439-
442
windbreaks as, 448-450
Costaceae, 51
Costa Rica, map of, 6f
Council on International Educational
Exchange, 225
count circles, 183
courtship
feeding, 214
in Long-tailed Manakins, 204, 215-
126
in Resplendent Quetzals, 184
Coyote. See Cam's lantrans
crafts cooperative, 383-384
Creoles, 391
crickets, 98-99
Criocerinae, 116
crops, 404t. See also agriculture
crop size, of birds, 260
Croton niveus, 366
crown shape, 49, 306
cultural control, 390
Cupressus lusitanica (Cypress), 366,
449
Cyanocorax morio (Brown Jay)
breeding in, 189, 196
fledging success, 198
flock sizes, 195
foraging behavior, 188
nesting, 191, 193, 229
sociality, 212-213
Cyatheaceae, 60
Cyclanthaceae, 51
Cynodon nlemfuensis (East African
Star Grass), 393, 409
cypress. See Cupressus lusitanica
cytotoxicity, of plant compounds, 452dairy plant, 374, 390, 393, 405
effect on the Quebrada Guacimal,
446-448
dairy production, 43, 354, 366, 379,
381, 391, 399
characteristics of farms, 395t
feeds, 396, 407
herd management, 393, 397
history of, 392-394
pests in, 409-410
sustainability of, 394-396, 405-406
damselflies, 97, 423
dance flies, 123
day length, 16
dead organic matter, 321-322
debt swapping, 362-363, 367, 377
decomposition, 24, 27, 28-29, 328,
334-335, 341
deer, 225f, 234
Deer Mouse. See Peromyscus
nudipes
defense mechanisms, of long-horned
beetles, 114
deforestation, 40, 153, 168, 183, 231,
232, 235, 352, 362, 422
associated with farming, 394, 399
effect on birds, 198, 202, 213
effect on mammals, 223
effect on precipitation, 32
effect on soils, 29
and habitat disruption, 189, 420,
425-426
historical, 408
and nutrient inputs, 393
demographics, 422, 431
of birds, 196
divergence, 189
variability in amphibians, 169
Dendropanax arboreus, 452
Desmodus rotundus (Common
Vampire Bat), 232f, 233Dicksoniaceae, 60
Didymopanax pittieri, 307, 308, 312
diet
breadths and seed dispersal, 259-
260
of Emerald Toucanets, 214
and reproduction in mice, 228
selectivity among birds, 208, 210-
212
specialization, 200, 205-206, 260
of spittlebugs, 102
differentiation, of amphibian species,
156
digestive physiology
of birds, 188, 206
of long-horned beetles, 115
of seed dispersers, 262, 289
dioecy, 251
Diptera, 96, 122-124
migration of, 438
disease
and amphibian declines, 161, 169,
170
susceptibility to, 422
dispersal, barriers to, 156, 422, 425
Disteniidae, 114
disturbed areas
as habitats, 168
vegetation in, 47, 51-52, 61
diversity. See biodiversity; species
diversity
downslope force, 32
dragonflies, 96-97, 423
drosophilids, 270
dry season, 18, 41, 171, 328
and agriculture, 391
forage, 400
and fruiting phenology, 227
and litterfall, 329
dung beetles, 107
dwarf forests. See elfin forests
Dynastes hercules (Hercules Beetle),
106, 107f, 111earthquakes, 24
Earth Summit, 433
earthworms, 337
easements, 371, 381-382
East African Star Grass. See Cynodon
nlemfuensis
Ecitoninae, 133
economic development, 374, 376
ecosystem management, 430
ecosystem research, 303
ecosystem services, 420
ecosystems, disruption of, 420
ecotourism, 3, 202, 352, 353, 367, 368,
371,372, 373, 374, 378,430
development of, 355
effect on bird populations, 433
and employment, 355, 376, 401
number of tourists, 359, 360, 368f
problems associated with, 424
training of guides, 360
ectoparasites, as prey of beetles, 110
Ecuador, 377564 Index