springs, 24
squatters, 363
squirrels, 233, 236
standards of proof, 169
staphylinids, 109-110, 229
statary phases, 133
stellar plot, 90
stemflow, 325, 326, 339
Sternorrhyncha, 100
Stiles, F. Gary, 179
stilt roots, 48-49
stink glands, of heteropterans, 99
stoneflies, 84
storms, 430
and bird mortality, 197
effect on elfin forests, 305
and epiphytic litter, 332
and tree damage, 319
and treefall, 308
stranglers, 59-60, 71-72, 73. See also
figs
streamflow, 29
stream incision, 24
streams, 31, 447t
Streblidae, 123
Striped Hog-nosed Skunk. See
Conepatus semistriatus
Stuckey, Joseph, 390t
Sturnira ludovici, 263
subduction, 20, 21-22
subsistence agriculture, 391
succession, 198
succulence, 76
Sumichrast's Vesper Rat. See
Nyctomys sumichrasti
Sunbittern. See Eurypyga helias
survivorship
in birds, 196
of tadpoles, 165
sustainability, 389
of dairy production, 394-396
of dual-purpose and beef farms, 399
improving, 396-397, 399-400
sustainable development, 352, 369,
372, 380, 384, 385
swamp forest, 45
swamps, 23-24
swarming, in army ants, 133
Sweden, 377
Swedish International Development
Agency, 363
Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Forest
Rabbit), 233
Symphyta, 125
syrphid flies, 124, 410
systematics, 225-226, 431
Tachinidae, 123
tacotal, 47
tadpoles, 160
cannibalism by, 164, 173
feeding ecology, 165-166
tanagers, 185, 188, 204, 205
guilds of, 200
tapirs, 234, 242, 358Tapirus bairdii (Baird's Tapir), 234,
242
Task Force on Declining Amphibian
Populations, 172
Tayassu pecari (White-lipped
Peccary), 234
local extirpation of, 224
Tayra. See Eira barbara
teachers, 370
tectonic uplift, 21-22
temperature, 17, 428
in the canopy, 346
and flowering, 255, 269, 270f
historical, 26
and life zones, 41
of soil, 315
temporales, 20, 308
Terciopelo, 168
termites, 110
terracettes, 24
terracing, 402
territoriality
of frogs, 164
of hummingbirds, 199
of mice, 238
Tettigoniidae, 98
Thelypteridaceae, 60
Theridiidae, 140
thermobiology, and distribution of
lizards, 168
thermoregulation, in wasps, 132
thigmomorphogenesis, 307
Three-wattled Bellbird, 181f, 435,
443
densities of, 195
diet breadth, 260
foraging behavior, 186, 188
migration in, 184, 263, 428
seed dispersal by, 265
vocalizations of, 190
throughfall, 325, 326
ion fluxes in, 330t
ticks, 400
control of, 395
Tilaran Rain Frog. See
Eleutherodactylus angelicas
toads, population crashes in, 156f
Tome's Rice Rat. See Oryzomys
albigularis
top carnivores, 430
Topobea, reproductive biology of,
273-276
tortoise beetles, 116
toucanets, 186, 435
toucans, 435
tour guides, training of, 360
tourism. See ecotourism
Tourist Institute, 356
Tovomitopsis psychotriifolia ,
452
Trachops cirrhosus (Fringe-lipped
Bat), 225
trade winds, 18, 19, 313, 397, 427
and agriculture, 391
traditional medicine, 452frans-d-tocotrienoloic acid, 453
transition season, 18
transition zones, 430
transpiration, 29
in elfin forests, 304-305
traplining, 199, 217
treefalls, 308-310, 318
tree ferns, 53, 60
use in bird nests, 191
treefrogs
breeding systems of, 163
oviposition sites of, 173
treehoppers, 100
social behavior of, 103-104
treelets, species distribution, 52, 53f
tree nurseries, 371
trees, 8-9
bark and trunk patterns, 47-48
biodiversity of, 424
breeding systems of Inga, 85-87
crown shape, 49, 306
damage to, 67, 318-320
densities of, 316-317
epiphytic cover, 321
families of, 519-522
flowering and fruiting, 65,
281-283
growing as epiphytes, 70
growth, 307
of leeward cloud forests, 315
outcrossing in, 255
planting, 397
pollination of, 252-253
resources for identification, 64
seed dispersal in, 289-291, 426
sex ratios of, 87-88
species, 44t, 46t, 48t, 52-53, 68,
435, 436t
in swamps, 24
windbreaks as habitats for, 450-
451
tree soil, 70, 71, 315, 321, 323
dynamics, 341-342
invertebrates in, 336-337
Trichomycetes, 83, 84f, 85f
Trichoptera, 96, 97
Troglodytes aedon (House Wren)
age at breeding, 196
clutch sizes, 191
effect of botfly larvae on, 197
effect of wind on breeding, 195
nest predation, 229
as a population sink, 448
postfledging care in, 194
survivorship in, 198
territory sizes, 195
Troglodytidae, 208-210
trophic groups, 201, 430
tropical forest, 8^ 42, 43-44
Tropical Rainforest Programme, 431
Tropical Science Center, 170, 351,
352, 356
Trostle, John, 369
truck farming. See under agriculture
trunk patterns, 47-48572 Index