338 Species
—. 1984. The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus. Cambridge,
MA: MIT Press.
—. 1988. Reconstructing the Past: Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
—. 2000. Philosophy of Biology. 2nd ed, Dimensions of Philosophy Series. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.
—. 2008. Evidence and Evolution: The Logic behind the Science. Cambridge/New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Sober, Elliott, and Michael Steel. 2002. Testing the hypothesis of common ancestry. Journal
of Theoretical Biology 218 (4):395 – 408.
Spencer, Herbert. 1884. The principles of biology. London: Williams and Norgate.
Staley, James T. 2006. The bacterial species dilemma and the genomic-phylogenetic species
concept. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361
(1475):1899 –1909.
Stamos, David N. 1998. Buffon, Darwin, and the non-individuality of species—A reply to
Jean Gayon. Biology and Philosophy 13 (3):443– 470.
—. 2003. The Species Problem: Biological Species, Ontology, and the Metaphysics of
Biology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
Stewart, Michael A. 1980. Locke’s mental atomism and the classification of ideas: II. The
Locke Newsletter 11:25 – 62.
Strawson, Peter Frederick. 1964. Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics. London:
Methuen.
Suchetet, A. 1897. Des hybrides à l’état sauvage: Règne animal. (Classe des oiseaux). Vol. 1.
Lille: Le Bigot frères.
Templeton, Alan R. 1989. The meaning of species and speciation: A genetic perspective. In
Speciation and its Consequences, edited by D. Otte and J. A. Endler, 3–27. Sunderland,
MA: Sinauer.
—. 1998. Species and speciation: Geography, population structure, ecology, and gene trees.
In Endless Forms: Species and Speciation, edited by Daniel J. Howard and Stewart H.
Berlocher, 32–43. New York: Oxford University Press.
Templeton, Alan R. et al. 2000. Gene trees: A powerful tool for exploring the evolutionary
biology of species and speciation. Plant Species Biology 15 (3):211–222.
Thiel, Udo. 2002. Locke: Epistemology and Metaphysics, The International Library of
Critical Essays in the History of Philosophy. Aldershot, Hants/Brookfield, VT: Ashgate:
Dartmouth.
Turner, George F. 2002. Parallel speciation, despeciation and respeciation: Implications for
species definition. Fish and Fisheries 3 (3):225–229.
Van Valen, Leigh M. 1988. Species, sets, and the derivative nature of philosophy. Biology and
Philosophy 3 (1):49–66.
Va nd a m m e, Pet e r et al. 1996. Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial sys-
tematics. Microbiology Review 60 (2):407– 438.
Vanderlaan, Tegan A. et al. 2013. Defining and redefining monophyly: Haeckel, Hennig,
Ashlock, Nelson and the proliferation of definitions. Australian Systematic Botany 26
(5):347–355.
Varma, Charissa Sujata. 2013. Beyond set theory: The relationship between logic and tax-
onomy from the early 1930 to 1960. PhD dissertation, Institute for the History and
Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto.
Waters, Virginia L. 2001. Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells. Nature
Genetics 29 (4):375–376.
Wertz, J. E. et al. 2003. A molecular phylogeny of enteric bacteria and implications for a
bacterial species concept. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16 (6):1236 –1248.