Higher Systematics of the Pentatomoidea 79
As one would expect from a large tribe, many of the included genera have been treated systemati-
cally, either in part or as a whole. To help the reader locate these papers, we have provided a list of
some of the more important works: Acledra (Faúndez et al. 2014b); Adustonotus Bianchi (Bianchi et al.
2017); Agatharchus Stål (Belousova 1999); Agroecus Dallas (Rider and Rolston 1987); Amauromelpia
Fernandes and Grazia (Fernandes and Grazia 1998a); Braunus (Thomas 1997a, 2001; Barão et al.
2016); Caribo Rolston (Rolston 1984b, Rider 1988); Carpocoris (Belousova 2004, Ribes et al. 2007,
Lupoli et al. 2013); Coenus (Rider 1996); Cosmopepla Stål (McDonald 1986); Curatia Stål (Barcellos
and Grazia 1998); Dichelops Spinola (Grazia 1978); Euschistus (Rolston 1974, 1985; Bianchi et al.
2017); Euschistus (Lycipta) (Rolston 1982, Weiler et al. 2016); Euschistus (Mitripus) (Rolston 1978b);
Galedanta (Grazia 1967, 1981); Glyphepomis Berg (Campos and Grazia 1998, Bianchi et al. 2016b);
Gulielmus (Zaidi and Ahmad 1989); Holcostethus (McDonald 1974, 1982; Ribes and Schmitz 1992;
Belousova 2007); Hymenarcys Amyot and Serville (Rolston 1973a); Hypanthracos Grazia and Campos
(Grazia and Campos 1996); Hypatropis Bergroth (Fernandes and Grazia 1996); Ladeaschistus Rolston
(Rolston 1973b, Cioato et al. 2015); Luridocimex Grazia, Fernandes, and Schwertner (Grazia et al.
1998); Mcphersonarcys Thomas (Thomas 2012); Mecocephala Dallas (Schwertner et al. 2002); Mimula
Jakovlev (Belousova 1997); Mormidea Amyot and Serville (Rolston 1978c, Rider and Rolston 1989);
Ochyrotylus Jakovlev (Belousova 2003); Oebalus Stål (Sailer 1944); Ogmocoris Mayr (Frey-da-Silva
et al. 2002a); Paramecocephala Benvegnú (Frey-da-Silva et al. 2002b); Parentheca Berg (Campos and
Grazia 1999); Pentatomiana Barcellos and Grazia (Barcellos and Grazia 2004); Peribalus (Belousova
2007); Poriptus (Barcellos and Grazia 2008); Sibaria Stål (Rolston 1976); Spinalanx Rolston and Rider
(Rolston and Rider 1988, Thomas 1997b); Stysiana Grazia, Schwertner, and Fernandes (Grazia et al.
1999); Tibraca Stål (Fernandes and Grazia 1998b); and Trichopepla (McDonald 1976).
Several species currently placed in the Carpocorini are known to be pests of various crops. For exam-
ple, species of the genus Euschistus (Figure 2.20A) will attack legume (e.g., soybean) and other crops
(Panizzi et al. 2000). Also, species in the genera Oebalus (Pantoja et al. 1995, 1999, 2000) and Tibraca
(Figure 2.20H) (Pantoja et al. 2005, 2007) are considered pests of rice.
At least one species of Euschistus is used for human consumption in southern Mexico. Hoffmann
(1947) stated “Euschistus zopilotensis Distant [a junior synonym of E. strenuus Stål]. Ancona, writing in
Ann. Inst. Biol. (Mex.) in 1933 states that this pentatomine species, popularly known as ‘jumiles’ as are
many other species of Heteroptera, is extensively used as food in Cuautla, State of Morelos, Mexico. Mr.
N. L. H. Krauss, in a letter to Dr. R. I. Sailer in 1945 states that he has seen them sold alive in buckets at
Cuernavaca, Morelos, by the indians who say that they scrape the bugs off trees in the nearby mountains.
He further states that they are usually sold in paper cones, in handful lots, by venders, the price being
about two pesos (about 42 cents U.S. cy.) per kilo. They are eaten alive or dropped into stew just before
serving. Only a few are used since they have a strong taste.” He also noted that they were supposed to
cure kidney, liver, and stomach ailments.
2.2.10.7.13 Catacanthini Atkinson, 1888
Although he did not formally refer to it by name, Stål (1876) was the first to recognize this group at a higher
level. He included six genera in his “Catacanthus, Arocera, Vulsirea et affinia”: Catacanthus, Chalcocoris,
Commius Stål, Coquerelia Signoret, Anaxilaus, and Hyrmine Stål. Atkinson (1888) originally proposed the
Catacantharia for a single genus, Catacanthus. Bergroth (1908) catalogued Chalcocoris directly after the
genus Catacanthus, inferring that the two might be related. Until recently, most workers have included only
these two Old World genera in the Catacanthini. Rider (2015a), based on Stål’s (1876) inclusion of Arocera
Spinola and Vulsirea Spinola in his “Catacanthus, Arocera, Vulsirea et affinia” transferred five New World
genera (Arocera, Boea Wa l ker, Rhyssocephala Rider, Runibia Stål, and Vulsirea) into this tribe. This
brings the total number of genera and species included in this tribe to 11 and 63, respectively (Table 2.3).
Members of all included genera tend to be medium to large in size and are usually quite colorful, rang-
ing from yellows, reds, and oranges to metallic blues and greens (Figures 2.20I, J; 2.29C, D). They may
or may not have the abdomen armed basally, the ostiolar rugae tend to be elongate (in Boea, Runibia, and
Vulsirea, the ostiolar rugae are somewhat shorter), and the dorsum of the head is nearly impunctate but
has oblique striae or wrinkles (Figure 2.8F). The anterolateral and anterior margins of the pronotum are
usually distinctly reflexed, as is the lateral margins of the head.