120 Invasive Stink Bugs and Related Species (Pentatomoidea)
species except that it has only two processes on the spermathecal bulb (McDonald 1966). In the genus
Scotinophara (species studied were S. horvathi Distant, S. lurida, and S. scotti Horváth), the spermathe-
cal bulb is globular but without processes (S. lurida), or with three thornlike processes of either equal
length (S. horvathi), or with one process distinctly longer than the other two (S. scotti); both flanges are
of roughly equal size and shape; the region between the flanges is either medially (S. lurida) or distally
(other species) dilated; the spermathecal duct is slender, proceeding through a sclerotized dilation, and
is relatively long (S. lurida), short (S. scotti), or very short (S. horvathi); the proximal part of the duct is
free (Kim and Lee 1994). In the genus Kayesia Schouteden (species studied were K. parva Schouteden
and K. setigera Linnavuori), the spermathecal bulb is ball-shaped, without processes; the region between
the flanges is swollen (Linnavuori 1982).
The North American genera and species were reviewed by Barber and Sailer (1953). The review of
the genus Scotinophara by Wongsiri (1975) did not include all known species; on the other hand, in the
more recent review by Barrion et al. (2007), they described 19 new species, all from the Philippines; the
validity of these new species needs confirmation. Davidová-Vilímová (1999) revised the genus Tor nosia.
The members of this group often live in damp places, mostly on the stems of their host plants from
the order Poales (e.g., Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Poaceae) (Schaefer 1981b, 1983, Linnavuori 1982, Jitka
Vilímová, unpublished data).
2.2.10.9.3 Deroploa Group
The Deroploa group contains nine genera and 20 species (Table 2.3), which are endemic to the
Australian region (Figure 2.18J). It is a fairly homogenous group, morphologically distinctly different
from the other podopine groups.
The Deroploa group of genera share several apomorphies. The eyes are slightly pedunculate, and each
lateral angle of the pronotum has a conspicuous, long protuberance (Figures 2.10C, 2.18J). The prono-
tum has a longitudinal keel minimally extending two-thirds of its length posteriorly; it usually extends
the entire length. The scutellum is long and slightly to distinctly exceeding the apex of the abdomen. The
scent gland evaporatoria are small and developed only on the metapleura; the rugae are either distinct
and hemicircular or reduced. None of these apomorphies is exclusive to the Deroploa group, but, as a set,
they unambiguously define this monophyletic group.
Nearly all members of this group, where information is known, are arboreal, living in subtropical and/
or temperate habitats. Only Jeffocoris, described by Davidová-Vilímová (1993) is known to be an herbi-
vore in arid areas (Cassis and Gross 2002).
2.2.10.9.4 Graphosoma Group
The Graphosoma group contains 19 genera and 70 species (Table 2.3) distributed in four regions:
Palearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental, and Neotropical (Figures 2.18K, 2.27J).
In the Graphosoma group, the thoracic episterna are modified by the development of protuberances or
flattened margins. In the male pygophore, the infolding of the ventral rim is immediately parallel to the
ventral wall and medially merges into a cup-like sclerite; the lateral rim has a large or small projection
on each side (Figures 2.10F-H); and the conjunctiva of the phallus has a high number of membranous
appendices. None of these characters is exclusive to this genus group, but, as a set, they adequately define
this monophyletic group.
The spermathecae of two species of Graphosoma have been studied, G. lineatum (Jitka Vilímová,
unpublished data) and G. rubrolineatum (Kim and Lee 1994). The spermathecal bulb is broadly oval, the
flanges of the pump region are similar in size and shape, the region between the two flanges is slightly
convoluted, the spermathecal duct is slender and proceeds through a sclerotized dilation, and a relatively
long proximal part of the duct is free.
The genus Leprosoma Baerensprung has been revised recently (Gapon 2008b, 2010b), and Linnavuori
(1984) provided a key to species of Tholagmus Stål. The only genus of Podopinae recorded in South
America, the monotypic Neoleprosoma Kormilev, is included in this group.
Members of this group occur in different types of habitat as well as on a wide spectrum of host plants
from different families (Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae). They
feed mostly on the seeds (Schaefer 1981b, 1983; Jitka Vilímová, unpublished data).